Unit 1—Unit 1—FoundationsFoundations

8000 BCE 8000 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE

We begin at about 8,000 BCwhen village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

NEW STONE AGE

A A TOTALLYTOTALLY new way of living: new way of living:

From From

Hunter-Gatherersto Agriculture

INVENTION OF AGRICULTUREINVENTION OF AGRICULTURE Mesopotamians first to engage in Mesopotamians first to engage in

agriculture agriculture Around 8000 BCAround 8000 BC Cereal cropsCereal crops

WheatWheat Barley Barley

Herd animalsHerd animals SheepSheep GoatsGoats

Woman probably first farmerWoman probably first farmer Grain-collecting then noticed that Grain-collecting then noticed that

stored wild grain could be grown on stored wild grain could be grown on purposepurpose

Agriculture changed Agriculture changed how people lived how people lived

Agriculture (Farming)Agriculture (Farming)

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Division of Labor Division of Labor (Specialization)(Specialization)

TradeTrade

Writing and MathematicsWriting and Mathematics

Human/Environmental interactionHuman/Environmental interaction

Tools and weaponsTools and weapons Social and political Social and political

organization organization HomesHomes

Lake houses in SwitzerlandLake houses in Switzerland Long houses along DanubeLong houses along Danube Stone huts in BritainStone huts in Britain Reed lean-tos in EgyptReed lean-tos in Egypt Clay brick huts in Middle EastClay brick huts in Middle East

Broad language Broad language groups appearedgroups appeared

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONSOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Originally ruled by Originally ruled by council of elderscouncil of elders Authority moved to Authority moved to

single leadersingle leader Close-knit societyClose-knit society

Communal granaries, Communal granaries, ovens, and fieldsovens, and fields

Private property Private property limited to personal limited to personal possessionspossessions

POSSESSIONSPOSSESSIONS

Needs of Needs of agriculture and agriculture and stabilitystability Clay potteryClay pottery Woven basketsWoven baskets Woolen and linen Woolen and linen

clothingclothing Sophisticated tools Sophisticated tools

and weaponsand weapons PlowPlow

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURERESULTS OF AGRICULTURE

Required Required intensification of intensification of group organizationgroup organization Neolithic farmers Neolithic farmers

lived in settlementslived in settlements Ranged from 150 Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)(Jericho)

OUTSIDE CONTACTSOUTSIDE CONTACTS Neolithic communities had linksNeolithic communities had links

Walls indicate some fearfulWalls indicate some fearful Others were more peacefulOthers were more peaceful

Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho from several 100’s of miles awayfrom several 100’s of miles away

Either gifts or received in Either gifts or received in tradetrade

Jericho

Origins and Spread of Origins and Spread of AgricultureAgriculture

What does it mean to be What does it mean to be civilized?civilized?

Historians have determined Historians have determined 6 6 characteristics of civilization:characteristics of civilization:

CitiesCities Organized central governmentsOrganized central governments Complex religionsComplex religions Social classesSocial classes Job specialization and the artsJob specialization and the arts WritingWriting

CitiesCities Rivers provided:Rivers provided:

water supply water supply transportation transportation food supply from animalsfood supply from animals

Rivers provided challenges:Rivers provided challenges: floodingflooding irrigationirrigation

Required organized, mass labor Required organized, mass labor (corvee)(corvee) Construction and repair of canals and Construction and repair of canals and

irrigation ditchesirrigation ditches

Euphrates River

Organized Central Organized Central GovernmentsGovernments

Central authority needed to control:Central authority needed to control: LaborLabor Storage of grainStorage of grain Dispersion of foodstuffs among Dispersion of foodstuffs among

populationpopulation Early governments first Early governments first

led by priestsled by priests Later controlled by warrior Later controlled by warrior

chiefs or kingschiefs or kings

Organized Central Organized Central GovernmentsGovernments

Governments became more Governments became more complex as new responsibilities complex as new responsibilities arose such as:arose such as: tax collectingtax collecting law makinglaw making handling public works projectshandling public works projects organizing systems of defenseorganizing systems of defense

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions Generally polytheisticGenerally polytheistic

Many gods represented natural forcesMany gods represented natural forces Others controlled human activitiesOthers controlled human activities Priests and worshippers tried to gain Priests and worshippers tried to gain

gods’ favor through complex rituals gods’ favor through complex rituals and sacrificeand sacrifice

Directed by unquestionable ruling Directed by unquestionable ruling class of priestsclass of priests

King regarded as a god or as a King regarded as a god or as a god’s agentgod’s agent

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions Temples often built to honor Temples often built to honor

specific gods and goddessesspecific gods and goddesses

Egyptian temple Mesopotamian

ziggurat

Mayan temple

Social ClassesSocial Classes People ranked according to their People ranked according to their

professionprofession

Egyptian social structure

ChiefPriestsNobles

Wealthy merchantsArtisans

Peasants/farmersSlaves

Priestly class is part of the beginning of Priestly class is part of the beginning of social differentiationsocial differentiation

Class structure based on specialization Class structure based on specialization of laborof labor

Generated class differencesGenerated class differences Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.)Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.) Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons, Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons,

you don’t.”)you don’t.”) Common people (“I guess we work...?”)Common people (“I guess we work...?”) Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)

Social ClassesSocial Classes

Job Specialization Job Specialization and the Artsand the Arts

Artisans specialized in various jobs, Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as:such as: BricklayersBricklayers BlacksmithsBlacksmiths

Production of luxuries (Things You Production of luxuries (Things You Don’t Really Need)Don’t Really Need)

Metal technologyMetal technology

Created great architecture and artCreated great architecture and art monumental architecturemonumental architecture pyramids, ziggurats, big citiespyramids, ziggurats, big cities huge temples and associated huge temples and associated

structuresstructures to fill the needs of a god-oriented to fill the needs of a god-oriented

statestate under the control of the priestly under the control of the priestly

classclass

Job Specialization Job Specialization and the Artsand the Arts

WritingWriting Probably first used by priestsProbably first used by priests Earliest writing used pictogramsEarliest writing used pictograms

Mesopotamian cuneiform

Egyptian hieroglyphs

Chinese calligraphy

WritingWriting Symbols later added to represent Symbols later added to represent

words and then soundswords and then sounds Scribes were specially trained to Scribes were specially trained to

read, write, and record informationread, write, and record information ReligionReligion TradeTrade GovernmentGovernment

Learning Learning became became cumulativecumulative

UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATIONUNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next Civilization was not simply next

inevitable step from Neolithic Ageinevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food-Many peoples remained at simple food-

raising stage for thousands of years—raising stage for thousands of years—without developing any sort of civilizationwithout developing any sort of civilization

Only four locations developed Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their owncivilizations entirely on their own ChinaChina Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley Mesopotamia/EgyptMesopotamia/Egypt Central America and PeruCentral America and Peru

Common Characteristics ??Common Characteristics ??Common Characteristics ??Common Characteristics ??

Water!!Water!! Deserts of river cultures short on Deserts of river cultures short on

resourcesresources River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations

Opportunity to adapt Opportunity to adapt environmentenvironment

Suitable for domesticated Suitable for domesticated plants/animalsplants/animals

Relatively stable (a bit hot) Relatively stable (a bit hot) climateclimate

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY influenced the influenced the development of river valley development of river valley

civilizations.civilizations.

Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations

• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable• No natural barriers• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

EnvironmentEnvironment

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

EgyptEgypt

Indus River Indus River ValleyValley

ChinaChina

• Flooding of the Nile predictable• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages• Deserts were natural barriers• Indus flooding unpredictable• Monsoon winds• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers• Huang He flooding unpredictable• Mountains, deserts natural barriers• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations• Mountains and ocean natural barriers• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesoamerica Mesoamerica & Andes& Andes

Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The Sumer – The Earliest of the River Earliest of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations

Sumerian Sumerian Civilization grew up Civilization grew up along the Tigris and along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Euphrates Rivers in what is now what is now Kuwait.Kuwait.

Sumerian Writing: cuneiformSumerian Writing: cuneiform

Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

Sumerians invented:Sumerians invented:

Brick technologyBrick technology WheelWheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degreesBase 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in

a minutea minute 12 month lunar calendar12 month lunar calendar archarch rampramp zigguratziggurat

Ziggurat – Holy MountainZiggurat – Holy Mountain

Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.

BabylonBabylon

First know written law code First know written law code ““Rule of Law”Rule of Law”

Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BCHammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC

EGYPTEGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”“The Gift of the Nile”

Nile River

Sahara Desert

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics PyramidsPyramids GeometryGeometry Advances in medicine and Advances in medicine and

surgerysurgery

Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley2500 BC – 1500 BC2500 BC – 1500 BC

Harappan culture Harappan culture Well planned citiesWell planned cities

Grid patternGrid pattern

Modern plumbingModern plumbing Built on mud brick platformsBuilt on mud brick platforms

Protected against seasonal floodsProtected against seasonal floods

Larger citiesLarger cities Houses built of baked brickHouses built of baked brick

Smaller townsSmaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brickHouses built of sun-dried mud brick

Aryan MigrationAryan Migration

pastoral depended on their cattle

warriors horse-drawn chariots

Varna (Social Hierarchy)

ShudrasShudras

VaishyasVaishyas

Kshatriyas Kshatriyas

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

BrahminsBrahmins

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1027 BC1600 BC – 1027 BC

Yellow River ValleyYellow River Valley Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Advanced cultureAdvanced culture

DivinationsDivinations ReligionReligion AstronomyAstronomy CalendarCalendar ArtArt MedicineMedicine

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1122 BC1600 BC – 1122 BC

ReligionReligion Human as well as animal sacrificesHuman as well as animal sacrifices

Regarded their land as only civilized land Regarded their land as only civilized land and called it Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)and called it Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)

Lack of contact with foreigners led to Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in:belief in: Strong sense of identityStrong sense of identity SuperioritySuperiority Center of earthCenter of earth Sole source of civilizationSole source of civilization

Zhou ChinaZhou China1122 BC – 256 BC1122 BC – 256 BC

Bronze, jade, silver, goldBronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

Power to rule came from heavenPower to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler Power could be removed if ruler

not just not just Veneration of ancestorsVeneration of ancestors

All must honor family responsibilitiesAll must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Period ended with

Era of Warring StatesEra of Warring States

Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America

2900 BC – 1400 BC2900 BC – 1400 BC MesoamericaMesoamerica

Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beansMaize, chili peppers, avocados, beans PotteryPottery Stone bowlsStone bowls BeadsBeads Waddle and daub structuresWaddle and daub structures No draft animals No draft animals

Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America

3500 BC – 1400 BC3500 BC – 1400 BC AndesAndes

Textiles technology Textiles technology Sophisticated governmentSophisticated government ReligionReligion Lacked ceramicsLacked ceramics Largely without artLargely without art Most impressive achievement was Most impressive achievement was

monumental architecturemonumental architecture Large platform mounds Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazasSunken circular plazas

CivilizationCivilization Cities that served as administrative centersCities that served as administrative centers Political system based on control or defined Political system based on control or defined

territory rather than on connections of kinshipterritory rather than on connections of kinship Significant number of people engaged in Significant number of people engaged in

specialized, non-food-producing activitiesspecialized, non-food-producing activities Status distinctions, usually linked to Status distinctions, usually linked to

accumulation of substantial wealth by some accumulation of substantial wealth by some groupsgroups

Monumental buildingMonumental building System for keeping permanent recordsSystem for keeping permanent records Long distance tradeLong distance trade Major advances in science and artsMajor advances in science and arts

Richard W. BullietRichard W. Bulliet

Classical IndiaClassical India

Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 (320 BCE-320 CE)CE)

Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 (320 BCE-320 CE)CE)

Chandragupta Chandragupta Unified northern India after Unified northern India after

Alexander the Great withdrewAlexander the Great withdrew Set up efficient bureaucracySet up efficient bureaucracy

Asoka (grandson)Asoka (grandson) Dedicated life to BuddhaDedicated life to Buddha Continued bureaucracyContinued bureaucracy Hospitals, roadsHospitals, roads

Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)

Chandra Gupta I Chandra Gupta I

BureaucracyBureaucracyAllowed local Allowed local government in southgovernment in south

Social StructureSocial StructureSocial StructureSocial Structure

PatriarchalPatriarchal Women were legally minorsWomen were legally minors Women under control of fathers, Women under control of fathers,

husbands and sonshusbands and sons Caste system continuedCaste system continued

International Trade International Trade RoutesRoutes

International Trade International Trade RoutesRoutes

Items TradedItems TradedItems TradedItems Traded

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gu

pta

Ach

ievem

en

tsG

up

ta A

ch

ievem

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Classical ChinaClassical China

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty (221-206 BCE)(221-206 BCE)

Shi Huangdi Shi Huangdi Legalist ruleLegalist rule

Bureaucratic, Bureaucratic, centralized centralized control control

Military expansionMilitary expansion Book burnings --> Book burnings -->

targeted Confucianiststargeted ConfucianistsBuried protestors alive!Buried protestors alive!

Terra Cotta Terra Cotta ArmyArmy

Great Great WallWall

Strong, centralized bureaucracyStrong, centralized bureaucracy Extended Great WallExtended Great Wall Roads Roads (including Silk Road),(including Silk Road), canals canals Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)

Public schoolsPublic schools Colonized Colonized

Manchuria, Manchuria, Korea, & Korea, & VietnamVietnam

Civil service Civil service system system

Han Dynasty Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)(202 BCE-220 CE)

Chang’an

The Han Capital

Chang’an

The Han Capital

Han ArtifactsHan ArtifactsHan ArtifactsHan Artifacts

Imperial Imperial SealSeal

Han Ceramic Han Ceramic HouseHouse

Han – Roman Empire Han – Roman Empire ConnectionConnection

Han – Roman Empire Han – Roman Empire ConnectionConnection

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Early HistoryEarly History (3000 BCE-750 BCE)(3000 BCE-750 BCE)

Minoans Minoans CreteCrete Seafaring merchantsSeafaring merchants Sophisticated civilizationSophisticated civilization

HellenesHellenes Merged with native GreeksMerged with native Greeks

Dark Age Dark Age

Homer

Geographic Geographic InfluenceInfluence

MountainsMountains Independent city-statesIndependent city-states

Insufficient farmlandInsufficient farmland Founded colonies on Mediterranean Founded colonies on Mediterranean

coastcoast

LocationLocation Peninsula in MediterraneanPeninsula in Mediterranean Exchange of culture/tradeExchange of culture/trade

Deep harborsDeep harbors Numerous good harbors on its Numerous good harbors on its

irregular coastlineirregular coastline

City-StatesCity-States

AthensAthens Democratic, leading city-stateDemocratic, leading city-state

SpartaSparta Aristocratic/military city-stateAristocratic/military city-state

CorinthCorinth Trading centerTrading center

United by language, culture and United by language, culture and fear of Persiansfear of Persians

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great ( (336-323 BCE)336-323 BCE)

Taught by AristotleTaught by Aristotle Conquered Persian Conquered Persian

EmpireEmpire Created Created

Hellenistic Hellenistic cultureculture

Died suddenly Died suddenly at 33at 33

Athenian ContributionsAthenian Contributions

Theater, poetry and historical Theater, poetry and historical writingwriting

Science and mathScience and math Architecture and sculptureArchitecture and sculpture PhilosophyPhilosophy

SocratesSocrates IndividualIndividual

PlatoPlato GroupGroup

AristotleAristotle WorldWorld

Classical RomeClassical Rome

Ancient Rome Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE)(1500 BCE-500 BCE)

1500BC-Latins 1500BC-Latins crossed Alpscrossed Alps Founded Rome Founded Rome Conquered by EtruscansConquered by Etruscans

New RomansNew Romans Roads, walls, & buildingsRoads, walls, & buildings Metal weaponsMetal weapons

RepublicRepublic500-27 BCE500-27 BCE

Social aristocracySocial aristocracy PatriciansPatricians PlebeiansPlebeians

SenateSenate Conquered Mediterranean worldConquered Mediterranean world

Italian Peninsula and westItalian Peninsula and west Client statesClient states

Spread Greek culture Spread Greek culture Began to end with assassination of Began to end with assassination of

Julius Caesar in 44 BCEJulius Caesar in 44 BCE

EmpireEmpire27 BCE-476 CE27 BCE-476 CE

Octavian (Augustus)Octavian (Augustus) Began Pax RomanaBegan Pax Romana

Spread Greco-Roman civilizationSpread Greco-Roman civilization Law, language, historical writingLaw, language, historical writing Trade, industry, science, architectureTrade, industry, science, architecture

DiocletianDiocletian Divided EmpireDivided Empire

ConstantineConstantine Reunited empireReunited empire Converted to ChristianityConverted to Christianity

Germanic InvasionGermanic Invasion

Germans allowed to settleGermans allowed to settle Huns pushed more Germans inHuns pushed more Germans in 476 CE—last Roman emperor476 CE—last Roman emperor

Classical Classical MesoamericaMesoamerica

Maya Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE)(1800 BCE-800 BCE)

Led by ruler-priestsLed by ruler-priests Only known fully developed written Only known fully developed written

language of time/arealanguage of time/area Art, architectureArt, architecture Writing, math, astronomy, calendarWriting, math, astronomy, calendar Cultural diffusion across Cultural diffusion across

MesoamericaMesoamerica

Chavin Chavin (900 BCE-200 BCE)(900 BCE-200 BCE)

PotteryPottery Metalwork (including gold and Metalwork (including gold and

silver)silver) Religion promoted fertilityReligion promoted fertility

Built templesBuilt temples Used hallucinogensUsed hallucinogens

TradeTrade

Why civilizations fallWhy civilizations fall

ExternalExternalWarWarNatural Natural disasterdisaster

DiseaseDisease

InternalInternalOverpopulationOverpopulationEconomic Economic problemsproblems

Social Social disruptiondisruption

Political Political strugglesstruggles

How do civilizations How do civilizations collapse?collapse?

Population size and density decrease Population size and density decrease dramatically dramatically

Society tends to become less politically Society tends to become less politically centralized centralized

Less investment is made in things such as Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature architecture, art, and literature

Trade and other economic activities are Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminishedgreatly diminished

The flow of information among people slowsThe flow of information among people slows The ruling elites may change, but usually The ruling elites may change, but usually

the working classes tend to remain and the working classes tend to remain and provide continuityprovide continuity

Is it possible to prevent collapse?Is it possible to prevent collapse? Every society must:Every society must:

answer basic biological needs of its members: answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. food, drink, shelter, and medical care.

provide for production and distribution of goods provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). about role of work).

provide for reproduction of new members and provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). children, and so on).

provide for training (education, apprenticeship, provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. can become functioning adults in society.

provide for maintenance of internal and external provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy).

provide meaning and motivation to its members.provide meaning and motivation to its members.

Thuman Thuman and and BennetBennet

Unit 1—Unit 1—FoundationsFoundations

8000 BCE 8000 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE