*Introduction to Geography: Unit 1 Modules 1-5 byMax D. Andrew September, 2013 & 2014Welcome Class

UNIT 1: Modules 1-5Changing Population

Human populationDynamic; constantly changing in size, distribution and ethnic mixWorld population has been increasingChapter 17: Changing PopulationGrowth in world population

Population distributionThe pattern in which people are spread out within an area, e.g. a town, a country or the worldChapter 17: Changing PopulationWorld population distribution

Population densityThe number of people living in one unit area of land: Total number of peoplePopulation density =Total land areaTaking the example of Trinidad:Total population= 1,023,208Total land area= 4,769km2 1,023,208Population density=4,769=215 persons per km2Chapter 17: Changing Population

Population distribution of TrinidadMore densely populated along the west coast where there are two major urban areasThe larger urban area stretches from Port of Spain, the capital, to the interior town of Arima and includes small towns such as San Juan, Tunapuna and AroucaThe second major urban areaincludes the city of San Fernando and smaller townssuch as Gasparillo, Princes Town andSt. MadeleineThe less densely populatedareas are along the east coast,in the municipalities of St. David,St. Andrew, Nariva and MayaroChapter 17: Changing PopulationPopulation density of Trinidad and Tobago

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationFactors influencing population distribution in Trinidad ReliefThe low-lying plains along the west coast are densely populated because these areas are suitable for agriculture and for the development of industries, towns and citiesA large stretch in northern Trinidad is sparsely populated due to the Northern Range, a mountain system stretching from west to eastThe mountain range is densely forested and steep, making it unsuitable for settlementsThe Nariva Swamp along the east coast also hinders the development of settlements

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationPhysical (relief) map of Trinidad and Tobago

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationDistribution of rainfall in Trinidad and Tobago

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationSoilsSoils in the low-lying coastal plains are fertile alluvial soils brought down from the Northern RangeAlluvial soils are rich in nutrients and suitable for agriculture

Natural resourcesThe presence of oil at the southwest coast and the southeastern part of Trinidad has attracted people to these areas because of the job opportunitiesSan Fernando and Point Fortin are cities that have grown as a result of thisThe low population density in the eastern part of Trinidad is partly due to the absence of natural resources

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationLand use map of Trinidad

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationAccessibilityThe transport network in the west coast is more developed due to the growth of agriculture in the areaThe higher accessibility of the area has facilitated the growth of services such as banking in Port of Spain and oil and petrochemical industries in Point FortinThe job opportunities have in turn drawn more people to the west coastConversely, the poorer accessibility of the eastern part of Trinidad has contributed to the areas low population density

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationPopulation termsBirth rateNumber of live births per 1,000 people in the population per year:Number of live births x 1,000Birth rate =Total population

Classification of birth rate:

Births per 1,000 peopleDescriptionLess than 20Low20 30MediumMore than 30High

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationDeath rateNumber of deaths per 1,000 people in the population per year:Number of deaths x 1,000Death rate =Total population

Classification of death rate:

Deaths per 1,000 peopleDescriptionLess than 10Very low10 15Low15 20HighMore than 20Very high

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationInfant mortality rateNumber of infants who die before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births per yearInfant mortality rates of selected countries, 1960 and 2002

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationNatural increase or decreaseChange in total population as a result of births and deaths:Natural increase / decrease = Birth rate Death rate

Natural increase occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rateNatural decrease occurs when the birth rate is lower than the death rate

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationNet migrationDifference between immigration and emigration:Net migration = Immigration Emigration

Immigration is the movement of people into a country to stay permanentlyEmigration is the movement of people out of a country to settle permanently elsewhereNet migration is positive when immigration exceeds emigrationNet migration is negative when immigration is less than emigration

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationPopulation growthGrowth of the total population as a result of natural increase and net migration:Population growth = Natural increase + Net migration

Life expectancyThe number of years a person is expected to live from the time he/she is born

Demographic transition modelShows the stages of population change as a country progresses from an agricultural economy to an urban industrial economyChapter 17: Changing Population

Stage 1High birth rateHigh death rate, especially among childrenSlow and small growth in populationCurrently, no country in the world is at this stageChapter 17: Changing Population

Stage 2Birth rate remains high, but death rate declines sharplyRapid population growthCountries at this stage are still mainly agriculture-based with simple industriesReasons for high birth rate: Lack of family planning or birth control High infant mortality rate Early marriages Children are considered assets on family farmsReasons for declining death rate: Better medical and health care Increased level of hygiene Improved sanitation Improved nutritionChapter 17: Changing Population

Stage 3Narrowing gap between birth rate and death rateBirth rate declines rapidlyDeath rate continues to fall but at a slower ratePopulation growth slows downCountries at this stage are rapidly industrialisingReasons for declining birth rate: Family planning and birth control Lower infant mortality rate Later marriages as women become more educated Rapid urbanisation Rising cost of living, including cost of raising childrenChapter 17: Changing Population

Stage 4Low birth rate and low death rateSmall and steady population growthCountries at this stage are highly industrialised and have a developed service sectorEconomic contribution of the agricultural sector is smallCanada and Japan are examples of countries at this stageChapter 17: Changing Population

Population pyramidsShow the distribution of people in a population by age and sexThe shape of the pyramid changes as a country moves through the stages of demographic transitionChapter 17: Changing Population

Chapter 17: Changing PopulationSome common shapes of population pyramids

Population growth of GuyanaRapid growth in population between 1946 and 1970Small decline in population between 1980 and 1991Population has been increasing since 1991Chapter 17: Changing Population

Population pyramid of GuyanaBroad base and tapering topChapter 17: Changing Population

Broad base shows that young dependents (014 years old) make up a large proportion of the population (26%)Tapering top shows that the proportion of old dependents (65 years old and above) is small (5%)This reflects a rather young populationThe working-age population forms 69% of the total populationThis is more than double the combined percentage of young and old dependents, which means every dependent is supported by more than two working personsThe two sides of the pyramid are balanced, indicating that the percentages of men and women are about the sameChapter 17: Changing Population

Factors affecting population growth in GuyanaHigh birth rate of 18 births per 1,000 persons per yearHigh death rate of 8 deaths per 1,000 persons per yearHigh rate of natural increase at 10 persons per 1,000 persons per yearReasons for high birth rate: Lack of family planning Only 35% of married women use contraceptives Average fertility rate is two children per woman Because of the high mortality rate among children, parents have more children to insure against loss to diseasesChapter 17: Changing Population

Reasons for high death rate: High infant mortality rate of 32 deaths per 1,000 live births per year High incidence of AIDSNegative net migration has slowed down population growthIn the 1980s, emigration rose sharply between 10,000 and 30,000 people left the country each year to seek job opportunities abroadChapter 17: Changing Population

Population growth of JapanSignificant growth years were between 1910 and 1980Population growth slowed down after 1980Negligible growth rate of less than 1 person per 1,000 persons per yearChapter 17: Changing Population

Population pyramid of JapanNarrow base and broad topChapter 17: Changing Population

Young dependents (014 years old) make up a small percentage of the population (14%) Reflects a low birth rateOld dependents (65 years old and above) form a large proportion of the population (20%) Reflects a high life expectancyAbout 66% of the population are in the working-age group, compared to 34% who are dependents Indicates that every dependent is supported by slightly less than two working personsThe percentages of men and women are roughly the same, except in the 80+ age group where there is a notably larger percentage of females Indicates that the life expectancy of women is higherChapter 17: Changing Population

Factors affecting population growth in JapanVery low birth rate of 9 per 1,000 persons per yearVery low death rate of 9 per 1,000 persons per yearHigh life expectancy of 81 yearsVery low rate of natural increase at less than 1 person per 1,000 persons per yearPeople are having smaller families so as to maintain a high standard of livingThe Japanese government hopes to encourage more births with tax incentives and bonus schemes The low death rate is a result of good living conditionsImmigration and emigration have minimal impact on population growth as Japan has zero net migrationChapter 17: Changing Population

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