UNIT 1-Objective 1

8/10/2019 UNIT 1-Objective 1

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o Molds reproduce by sexual and asexual spores(which are cells that

produce new individual without fusing with another cell)

o Cotton growths on cheese, bread, and jams are molds

o Penicillium chrysogenumis a mold that produces penicillin

Yeastsare unicellular and typically oval to round

Reproduce asexually by budding ( a process in which a daughter cell grows off

the mother cell

Some yeasts also produce sexual spores

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which causes bread to rise and produce alcohol from

sugar

Candida albicanscauses most cases of yeast infections in women (pg. 4)

3.

Describe the characteristics of protozoa.

Single-celled eukaryotes

Most are capable of locomotion(one way scientists categorize them)

Pseudopodia:

Extensions of a cell that flow in the direction of travel

Cilia:

Numerous, short protrusionsof a cell that beat rhythmicallyto propel the

protozoan through environment

Flagella:

Extensions of a cell but are fewer, longerand more whiplikethan cilia

Protozoa typically live freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts, where they

cause disease Most reproduce asexually and some sexually as well (pg. 4)

4. Describe the characteristics of Algae.

Unicellular or multicellularphotosynthetic organisms; make their own food from

carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight

Differ from plants in that they are more simple in reproductive structure

Categorized on the basis of their pigmentationand the composition of their cell walls

Large algae, called seaweeds and kelpsfound in ocean; their chemicals from gelatinous

cell walls are used as thickeners and emulsifiers in many food and cosmetic products Unicellular algae are common in freshwater ponds, streams, and lakes and oceans

Major food of small aquaticand marine animals

Provide most of the worlds oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis

Glasslike cell walls of diatoms provide grit for many polishing compounds (pg. 5)


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2.

Describe the key experiments by Redi and Pasteur that disproved the theory of spontaneous

generation.

Francesco Redi(1627-1697)Demonstrated by a series of experiments that when

decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed, whereas meat

exposed to flies was infested

Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)

Boiled infusions long enough to kill everything. Then he bent the flasks neck

into an S-shape, which allowed air to enter while preventing the introduction of

dust and microbes into the broth

Even after 18 months his swan-necked flask remained free of microbes

He broke the necks off some flasks, exposing the liquid in them directly to the

air, and carefully tilted others so that liquid touched the dust that had

accumulated in their necks. The next day, all of the flasks were cloudy with

microbes. (pg. 8-9)

3. Describe the role microorganisms play in the environment.

Play are role in processes such as the production of vitamins and bioremediation- the use

of living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments

Play a role in the decay of dead organisms and the recycling of chemicals such as carbon,

nitrogen and sulfur.

Cause disease (pg. 20)

III. Most microorganisms do not cause disease and many play important roles in health and the

environment. Some microorganisms do cause infectious disease and are called pathogens.

Preparation Objectives

1.

Define the germ theory of disease.

Microorganisms are responsible for diseases

Only applies to infectious diseases (pg. 13)

2. List and describe Kochs Postulates.

Series of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:

1.

The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be

absent from healthy hosts

2.

The agent must be isolated an grown outside the host

3.

When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the

diseases

4.

The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host (pg. 14)


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3.

Define emerging disease and re-emerging disease.

Emerging diseasesinclude outbreaks of previously unknown diseases or known

diseases whose incidence in humans has significantly increased in the past two decades

Re-emerging diseasesare known diseases that have reappeared after a significant

decline in incidence. (www.niaid.nih.gov)

4.

Identify some of the factors that are leading to an increase in the number of emerging and re-

emerging diseases that are seen today.

Climate and weather

Changing ecosystems

Human demographics and behavior

International travel and commerce

Technology and industry

Breakdown of public health measures

Poverty and social inequality

War and famine

Lack of political will

Microbial adaptation and change

(www.niaid.nih.gov)

5.

Identify several current emerging or re-emerging diseases.

Emerging: Acanthamebiasis, Australian bat lyssavirus, Babesia, atypical, Hepatitis C,helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis E, parvovirus B19

Re-emerging: Enterovirus 71, Mumps virus, Streptococcus Group A, Staphylococcus

aureus, clostridium difficile (www.niaid.nih.gov)

6.

Describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans.

Animal reservoirs

Human carriers

Nonliving reservoirs: soil, water and food (pg. 415-416)

7.

Describe the modes of infectious disease transmission in humans.

Skin contact

Mucous Membrane

Blood Contact

Placenta


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Feces, Urine (pg. 417)

Class/SynthesisStudent learning Outcomes

1. Describe Robert Kochs contribution to microbiology.

He proved that microorganisms caused diseases

Developed the postulates

Discovered the anthrax bacterium

2.

Compare and contrast Kochs Postulates and the Molecular Kochs Postulates.

Kochs Postulates examine the presents of a bacterium in a host

Molecular postulates examine the bacterium itself

3. Describe how the germ theory of disease has impacted and caused changes in society.

People wash their hands, their bodies, sanitize equipment, filter water, clean surfaces

and create vaccines. All of these things were influence by the germ theory and as a

result society is healthier and in better control of diseases

4.

Describe the ethical and medical challenges of the carrier state in treating infectious disease. Ethical: should a person with no symptoms be locked away?

Medical: carrier state is hard to detect and so can easily spread

IV. Public health education and policies are important in controlling the spread of infectious

diseases. Outbreaks of infectious diseases often follow natural disasters or wars and may be first line

indicators of a breakdown in infrastructure.

Preparation Objectives:

1. Define epidemiology.

Study of where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted within

population. (pg. 430)

2. Define nosocomial infections.

Infections acquired by patients or health care workers while they are in health care

facilities, including hospitals, dental offices, nursing homes, and doctors waiting rooms

(pg. 435)

3.

Describe the three ways public health agencies work to limit the spread of disease.

Enforce standards of cleanliness in water and food supplies

Work to reduce the number of disease vectors and rservoirs

Establish and enforce immunization schedules

Locate and prophylactically treat individuals exposed to contagious pathogens


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Establish isolation and quarantine measures to control the spread of pathogens (pg.

438)

4.

Define potable water.

Water safe enough to be consumed by humans with very low risks of causing harm

5.

Define coliform.

Colon-dwelling bacteria

They are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic that ferment lactose to form gas within 48

hours of being placed in a lactose broth at 35 degrees celcius.

Live inside intestinal tracts of animals and humans

Can survive in soil and on plants and decaying vegetation

Presence in water indicates poor sewage treatment (pg. 714)

6.

Identify the methods for ensuring clean drinking water.

Sedimentation: water is pumped into holding tanks where particulate materials (sand,

silt, organic material) settle

Flocculation: partially clarified water is then pumped into a secondary tank for

flocculation, in which alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) added to the water joins with

suspended particles and microorganisms to form large aggregates called flocs, which

also settle to the bottom of the tank

Filtration: sand may be used to which microbes adhere and form biofilms that trap andremove other microbes. There is also membrane filtrationand activated charcoal

Disinfection: ozone, UV light or chlorination is used to kill most microorganisms prior to

release of the water

V. Healthcare workers are required by law to report a list of communicable diseases to the State

health department and the CDC.

Preparation Objectives

1.

Describe the role of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in disease prevention.

In charge of controlling disease outbreaks and ensuring proper vaccinations Help people and communities protect their health, through prevention of disease,

injury and disability

3. Describe the MMWR and its role in public health.

In charge of scientific publication of diseases, drugs, disabilities, etc.

Keeping the public informed about new diseases


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4.

Describe the role of The World Health Organization (WHO) in public health and describe how

it is funded.

Responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, and monitoring and

assessing health trends.

Funded through trust funds, government and non-government organizations

5.

Describe the role of the EPA in keeping the water supply clean.

Monitors air, water, land and human health

In charge of setting norms and making sure people are not consuming or breathing

harmful bacteria

6.

Describe the role of The Department of Agriculture & the FDA in ensuring food safety.

Monitor and test foods

Ensure food and drugs are safe by setting regulations

Class/SynthesisStudent learning Outcomes

1.

List the 10 most common disease outbreaks reported last year by your statespublic healthdivision in its annual CD Summary Index.

2. List the 5 highest number of cases of Selected Notifiable Diseases listed in your states public

health divisions annual CD Summary Index.

3.

Be able to describe common pathogens in your state and identify the diseaseand/or

symptoms they cause. Explain why they are prevalent in your community and what could be

done to reduce the incidence of infection.

Documents

UNIT 1-Objective 1