Unit 1 Section 1: Early Exploration and Settlement

Unit 1 Section 1:

Early Exploration and Settlement

How did people get to North America?

Land Bridge TheoryLand Bridge Theory 10,000 years ago, much of the oceans’ 10,000 years ago, much of the oceans’

waters were contained in ice or glaciers.waters were contained in ice or glaciers.The lack of liquid water exposed land The lack of liquid water exposed land

formations which were traditionally formations which were traditionally covered by the oceans. covered by the oceans.

Scientists believe during this period Scientists believe during this period America’s first inhabitants migrated America’s first inhabitants migrated from Asia into North America via the from Asia into North America via the Bering land bridge. Bering land bridge.

The exact time at which the hunters The exact time at which the hunters crossed the land bridge is unknown. crossed the land bridge is unknown.

Land Bridge TheoryLand Bridge Theory 10,000 years ago, much of the oceans’ 10,000 years ago, much of the oceans’

waters were contained in ice or glaciers.waters were contained in ice or glaciers.The lack of liquid water exposed land The lack of liquid water exposed land

formations which were traditionally formations which were traditionally covered by the oceans. covered by the oceans.

Scientists believe during this Scientists believe during this period period America’s first inhabitants America’s first inhabitants migrated from Asia into North migrated from Asia into North America via the Bering land bridge. America via the Bering land bridge.

The exact time at which the hunters The exact time at which the hunters crossed the land bridge is unknown. crossed the land bridge is unknown.

The First People in North The First People in North AmericaAmerica

Paleo-Indians: Scientific evidence shows Paleo-Indians: Scientific evidence shows that the hunting groups that migrated from that the hunting groups that migrated from Asia into present day Canada.Asia into present day Canada.

They were hunter-gatherers.They were hunter-gatherers. TheyThey lived by lived by hunting animals and collecting wild plants. hunting animals and collecting wild plants.

The movement of people from one region to The movement of people from one region to another is called migrationanother is called migration..

Follow the food!

The First People in North The First People in North AmericaAmerica

Paleo-IndiansPaleo-Indians: : Scientific evidence shows Scientific evidence shows that the that the hunting groups that migrated hunting groups that migrated from Asia into present day Canada.from Asia into present day Canada.

They were hunter-gatherersThey were hunter-gatherers. . TheyThey lived lived by hunting animals and collecting wild by hunting animals and collecting wild plants. plants.

The The movement of people from one movement of people from one region to another is called migrationregion to another is called migration..

Follow the food!

The End of the Ice AgeThe End of the Ice AgeWhen the When the Ice Age Ice Age

ended about 8000 BC ended about 8000 BC the earth’s climate the earth’s climate changed.changed.

Rising temperatures Rising temperatures melted glaciers, the melted glaciers, the oceans rose covering oceans rose covering the Bering Land Bridge the Bering Land Bridge with water.with water.

What makes a group of What makes a group of people people

Civilized?Civilized?

Civilized People:Civilized People:

Have a written languageHave a written languageAre organizedAre organizedShare jobs for the greater Share jobs for the greater

good of the group.good of the group.Share common thoughts and Share common thoughts and

ideasideas..

Civilized PeopleCivilized People::

Have a written languageHave a written languageAre organizedAre organizedShare jobs for the greater Share jobs for the greater

good of the group.good of the group.Share common thoughts Share common thoughts

and ideasand ideas..

What leads people to form What leads people to form societies? societies?

AgricultureAgriculture

What leads people to form What leads people to form societies? societies?

AgricultureAgriculture

Indian Indian societies societies grow with grow with help of help of agricultureagriculture..

Successful Successful AgricultureAgriculture=populatio=population growth!n growth!

KNOW!!!

Indian Indian societies societies grow with grow with help of help of agriculture.agriculture.

Successful Successful AgricultureAgriculture==

population population growth!growth!

KNOW!!!

CORN IS KING!!!

Because of agriculture, Because of agriculture, various Indian cultures were various Indian cultures were established throughout North established throughout North

AmericaAmerica

Meanwhile Back in Europe…Meanwhile Back in Europe…People worry about their People worry about their

wealth!wealth!To make money you find things to To make money you find things to

trade. trade. The more you trade the wealthier you The more you trade the wealthier you

become. The more money you have become. The more money you have the more power and status you have!the more power and status you have!

Trade=Money=PowerTrade=Money=Power

Europeans want $$$Europeans want $$$ European Merchant European Merchant

families wanted to get families wanted to get capitalcapital-money or property -money or property that is used to earn more that is used to earn more money.money.

Europeans want $$$Europeans want $$$ European Merchant European Merchant

families wanted to get families wanted to get capital-money or capital-money or property that is used to property that is used to earn more money.earn more money.

Europeans want $$$Europeans want $$$

Merchants also created joint-Merchants also created joint-stock companies in which a stock companies in which a group of people invest together. group of people invest together. These investors share the profit These investors share the profit or losses.or losses.

Risky? Maybe, but not as risky if Risky? Maybe, but not as risky if they invested all by themselves.they invested all by themselves.

Trade with Africa and AsiaTrade with Africa and Asia

The more trade the The more trade the more___________ the more___________ the more__________!more__________!

The greatest profits The greatest profits came from trading came from trading with distant with distant continents like continents like Africa and Asia.Africa and Asia.

Trade with Africa and AsiaTrade with Africa and Asia

The more trade The more trade the more the more MONEY the MONEY the more_POWER!more_POWER!

The greatest The greatest profits came from profits came from trading with trading with distant continents distant continents like Africa and like Africa and Asia.Asia.

African Trade GoodsAfrican Trade Goods

GoldGold IvoryIvorySaltSaltSlavesSlaves

Asia Trade GoodsAsia Trade Goods

SilkSilkSpicesSpices

Who made Asia Famous?Who made Asia Famous?Because of him technology and Because of him technology and

goods spread between the goods spread between the continents. Europeans journeyed to continents. Europeans journeyed to Europe in search of wealth!Europe in search of wealth!

TRADE NOT THE ONLY REASON TO GO TRADE NOT THE ONLY REASON TO GO TO AFRICA AND ASIA!TO AFRICA AND ASIA!

1.1. Why else should Europeans go to Asia Why else should Europeans go to Asia and Africa? (TRADE #1 REASON)and Africa? (TRADE #1 REASON)

2.2. To study their cultures. Educated To study their cultures. Educated Europeans heard about Asia Europeans heard about Asia from____________ and wanted to see from____________ and wanted to see what all the fuss was about! They what all the fuss was about! They thought they should study their thought they should study their culture.culture.

3.3. Share Religion-Europeans thought Share Religion-Europeans thought they should share Christianity.they should share Christianity.

TRADE NOT THE ONLY REASON TO TRADE NOT THE ONLY REASON TO GO TO AFRICA AND ASIAGO TO AFRICA AND ASIA!!

1.1. Why else should Europeans go to Asia Why else should Europeans go to Asia and Africa? (and Africa? (TRADE #1 REASONTRADE #1 REASON))

2.2. To study their culturesTo study their cultures. Educated . Educated Europeans heard about Asia Europeans heard about Asia from____________ and wanted to see from____________ and wanted to see what all the fuss was about! They what all the fuss was about! They thought they should study their culture.thought they should study their culture.

3.3. Share/Spread ReligionShare/Spread Religion-Europeans -Europeans thought they should share Christianity.thought they should share Christianity.

Christopher Christopher ColumbusColumbus

I am a sailor from Genoa, Italy! I want to find riches.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Major AccomplishmentMajor Accomplishment::He was the first European since the He was the first European since the

Vikings to "discover" the New World.Vikings to "discover" the New World.Convinced Queen Isabella and King Convinced Queen Isabella and King

Ferdinand of Spain to finance his Ferdinand of Spain to finance his expeditions promising them items of expeditions promising them items of value and claim land for Spain.value and claim land for Spain.

Shorthand=Queen/King financed his Shorthand=Queen/King financed his expeditionexpedition


Major AccomplishmentMajor Accomplishment::He was the first European since the He was the first European since the

Vikings to "discover" the New World.Vikings to "discover" the New World.Convinced Queen Isabella and King Convinced Queen Isabella and King

Ferdinand of Spain to finance his Ferdinand of Spain to finance his expeditions promising them items of expeditions promising them items of value and claim land for Spain.value and claim land for Spain.

Queen/King financed Columbus’ Queen/King financed Columbus’ expeditionexpedition

Columbus says farewell to the Queen.

ColumbusColumbus

Believed in easier route to India for SpainBelieved in easier route to India for SpainSet sail to the West from Spain with 90 Set sail to the West from Spain with 90

men in the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria men in the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria to find the Indies. They had a years worth to find the Indies. They had a years worth of supplies.of supplies.

Traveled 150 miles a day (His men Traveled 150 miles a day (His men became nervous and wanted to mutiny)became nervous and wanted to mutiny)

Christopher ColumbusChristopher ColumbusOn October 12, 1492 Columbus On October 12, 1492 Columbus

landed on the Bahamas Islands landed on the Bahamas Islands reaching the Americas.reaching the Americas.

Thought he found India & called Thought he found India & called the people “Indians” (Bahamas)the people “Indians” (Bahamas)

Had no spices or goldHad no spices or goldFirst European to taste pineapple, First European to taste pineapple,

sweet potatoes, and corn.sweet potatoes, and corn.


On October 12, 1492 Columbus On October 12, 1492 Columbus landed on the Bahamas landed on the Bahamas Islands, reaching the Americas.Islands, reaching the Americas.

Thought he found India & called Thought he found India & called the people “Indians” (Bahamas)the people “Indians” (Bahamas)

Had no spices or goldHad no spices or goldFirst European to taste pineapple, First European to taste pineapple,

sweet potatoes, and corn.sweet potatoes, and corn.

Columbus thought he had landed in Japan. Columbus thought he had landed in Japan. He thought he had circled the world and He thought he had circled the world and

found a western route to Asia.found a western route to Asia.


Christopher had four big Christopher had four big voyages, lasting from voyages, lasting from 1492-15041492-1504

Christopher’s voyages Christopher’s voyages helped to propel Spain into helped to propel Spain into the middle of European the middle of European exploration, conquest and exploration, conquest and settlement.settlement.

Spain becomes a powerful Spain becomes a powerful and rich nation because of and rich nation because of Columbus.Columbus.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Christopher had four big Christopher had four big

voyages, lasting from voyages, lasting from 1492-15041492-1504

Christopher’s voyages Christopher’s voyages helped to propel Spain into helped to propel Spain into the middle of European the middle of European exploration, conquest and exploration, conquest and settlement.settlement.

Spain becomes a Spain becomes a powerful and rich powerful and rich nation because of nation because of Columbus.Columbus.

Continued…Continued… NeverNever did find did find India or the gold he India or the gold he believed he would believed he would find.find.

After his last After his last voyage to the West voyage to the West Indies Columbus Indies Columbus returned to Spain returned to Spain in poor health and in poor health and was no longer was no longer favored by the favored by the Spanish King.Spanish King.

I died in 1506…

Columbus Impacts EuropeColumbus Impacts Europe Columbus Columbus

opened up a new opened up a new era in which era in which Europeans Europeans rushed to rushed to explore the explore the Americas!Americas!

Columbus Impacts EuropeColumbus Impacts Europe Columbus Columbus

opened up a opened up a new era in new era in which which Europeans Europeans rushed to rushed to explore the explore the Americas!Americas!

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals and The transfer of plants, animals and other items became known as the other items became known as the Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange because it because it resulted from Columbus’ resulted from Columbus’ explorations.explorations.

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals The transfer of plants, animals and other items became known and other items became known as the as the Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange because it resulted because it resulted from Columbus’ from Columbus’ explorationsexplorations..



Explorers brought plants, Explorers brought plants, animals, and diseases to the animals, and diseases to the “New World” of the Americas “New World” of the Americas and brought back plants and and brought back plants and animals to the “Old World”-animals to the “Old World”-Europe, Asia and Africa.Europe, Asia and Africa.

The Use of Plants and The Use of Plants and AnimalsAnimals

Europeans brought horses, cattle and Europeans brought horses, cattle and pigs-which ran wild in the Americas.pigs-which ran wild in the Americas.

American Indians began using these American Indians began using these animals for transportation and to animals for transportation and to improve their diet.improve their diet.

They farmed the wheat and barley They farmed the wheat and barley Europeans had brought over.Europeans had brought over.

Rice was introduced to West Africa. Rice was introduced to West Africa.

And They Brought Death and And They Brought Death and DiseaseDisease

European Explorers also brought with them:

MeaslesSmallpoxTyphus and more.The natives had no immunity and MILLIONS died!

And Europeans Brought And Europeans Brought Death and DiseaseDeath and Disease

European Explorers also brought with them:

MeaslesSmallpoxTyphus and more.The natives had no immunity and MILLIONS died!

Did you know?Did you know?

While some regard Columbus as a While some regard Columbus as a hero for his achievements, many hero for his achievements, many Native Americans consider Native Americans consider Columbus a day of mourning.Columbus a day of mourning.

The Race for EmpiresThe Race for Empires

Essential Question:Essential Question:

What are the reasons someone What are the reasons someone would leave Europe for the would leave Europe for the

AmericasAmericas??

??

What would What would make you make you leave your leave your

home?home?

Write:Write:

Reasons people left Europe for the Reasons people left Europe for the Americas…Americas…

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

Religious ConflictsReligious Conflicts

1.1. Religious freedom/escape from Religious freedom/escape from persecutionpersecution..

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther Challenged the Church Martin Luther Challenged the Church and said its wealth was corrupting and said its wealth was corrupting the religion (indulgences, the religion (indulgences, cathedrals, Pope’s power, etc.) His cathedrals, Pope’s power, etc.) His actions led to the Protestant actions led to the Protestant Reformation, a religious Reformation, a religious movement to reform the Catholic movement to reform the Catholic church. church.

REVIEW


1.1. Religious freedom/escape Religious freedom/escape from persecutionfrom persecution..

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther Challenged the Church Martin Luther Challenged the Church and said its wealth was corrupting and said its wealth was corrupting the religion (indulgences, the religion (indulgences, cathedrals, Pope’s power, etc.) His cathedrals, Pope’s power, etc.) His actions led to the Protestant actions led to the Protestant Reformation, a religious Reformation, a religious movement to reform the Catholic movement to reform the Catholic church. church.

REVIEW


The Printing Press helped spread The Printing Press helped spread Luther’s ideas of reformation. Luther’s ideas of reformation. Protestants printed many Bibles Protestants printed many Bibles and essays explaining their and essays explaining their ideas. This let people read and ideas. This let people read and think for themselves rather than think for themselves rather than rely on the teachings of a priest.rely on the teachings of a priest.

Religious conflicts between Religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants took Catholics and Protestants took place and some battles led to place and some battles led to death and destruction.death and destruction.

Reasons to go to the New Reasons to go to the New WorldWorld

2. Escape from political persecution. 2. Escape from political persecution.

WarsWars

Unfair rules or rulers.Unfair rules or rulers.

3. A desire to seek wealth or find a 3. A desire to seek wealth or find a

better life. better life.

Become richBecome rich

Escape famineEscape famine

Explore/adventureExplore/adventure

Reasons to go to the New Reasons to go to the New WorldWorld

2. 2. Escape from political Escape from political persecutionpersecution. .

WarsWarsUnfair rules or rulers.Unfair rules or rulers.

3. 3. A desire to seek wealth or find A desire to seek wealth or find a better life. a better life.

Become richBecome richEscape famineEscape famineExplore/adventureExplore/adventure

ReviewReview

Without looking at your notes, try to Without looking at your notes, try to remember the 3 reasons Europeans remember the 3 reasons Europeans left for the New World?left for the New World?

Trade in AmericaTrade in America

Remember Hernan Cortes defeats the rich Remember Hernan Cortes defeats the rich Aztecs and their leader Moctezuma II.Aztecs and their leader Moctezuma II.

Francisco Pizzaro defeats the wealthy Francisco Pizzaro defeats the wealthy Incas and takes “as much gold as could be Incas and takes “as much gold as could be carried.”carried.”

Spain is wealthy and continues to explore Spain is wealthy and continues to explore the “New World”the “New World”

England, France, The Netherlands and England, France, The Netherlands and Sweden also look to expand their empires.Sweden also look to expand their empires.

The First English SettlementThe First English Settlement

Late 1500’s-England issued a Late 1500’s-England issued a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh (a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh (a document giving permission to document giving permission to start a colony)start a colony)

He sent an expedition to N. He sent an expedition to N. America where they landed in N. America where they landed in N. Carolina and Virginia.Carolina and Virginia.

A colony is established in A colony is established in Roanoke (now Virginia) in 1587 Roanoke (now Virginia) in 1587 but mysteriously the colony but mysteriously the colony disappeared.disappeared.

The First English The First English SettlementSettlement

Late 1500’s-England issued a Late 1500’s-England issued a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh (a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh (a document giving permission to document giving permission to start a colony)start a colony)

He sent an expedition to N. He sent an expedition to N. America where they landed in N. America where they landed in N. Carolina and Virginia.Carolina and Virginia.

A colony is established in A colony is established in Roanoke (now Virginia) in Roanoke (now Virginia) in 1587 but 1587 but mysteriouslymysteriously the the colony disappeared.colony disappeared.

A Second TryA Second Try

England’s King James I allowed The England’s King James I allowed The London Company to settle in Virginia in London Company to settle in Virginia in 1607. (105 colonists went)1607. (105 colonists went)

The company settled in Jamestown and The company settled in Jamestown and became the first permanent English became the first permanent English settlement.settlement.

The new colonists were not prepared to The new colonists were not prepared to build and farm. Two-thirds died in the build and farm. Two-thirds died in the first winter.first winter.

A Second TryA Second Try

England’s England’s King James I allowed The King James I allowed The London Company to settle in Virginia in London Company to settle in Virginia in 16071607. (105 colonists went). (105 colonists went)

The company The company settled in Jamestown and settled in Jamestown and became the first permanent English became the first permanent English settlement.settlement.

The new colonists were not prepared to The new colonists were not prepared to build and farm. Two-thirds died in the first build and farm. Two-thirds died in the first winter.winter.

Reasons for English colonization in Reasons for English colonization in AmericaAmerica

England hoped to find England hoped to find silver and gold in America.silver and gold in America.

An American Settlement An American Settlement would furnish raw would furnish raw materials that could not materials that could not be grown in Englandbe grown in England

Increased world powerIncreased world power

Reasons for English colonization in Reasons for English colonization in AmericaAmerica

England hoped to find England hoped to find silver and gold in America.silver and gold in America.

An American Settlement An American Settlement would furnish would furnish raw raw materialsmaterials that could that could notnot be be grown in Englandgrown in England

Increased world powerIncreased world power

Jamestown was primarily Jamestown was primarily an economic venture.an economic venture.

Relationships with Native Relationships with Native AmericansAmericans

John Smith became the leader of John Smith became the leader of Jamestown who were helped by the Jamestown who were helped by the powerful Powhatan Indians.powerful Powhatan Indians.

In 1609, 400 more settlers arrived but In 1609, 400 more settlers arrived but most died from famine and disease. “most died from famine and disease. “The The starving time.” starving time.” Only 60 survived.Only 60 survived.

Jamestown failed to make a profit until Jamestown failed to make a profit until John Rolfe came and introduced Tobacco John Rolfe came and introduced Tobacco ( a cash crop!)( a cash crop!)

He married Pocahontas, the daughter of He married Pocahontas, the daughter of the Powhatan chief.the Powhatan chief.

Relationships with Native Relationships with Native AmericansAmericans

John Smith became the leader of Jamestown John Smith became the leader of Jamestown who were helped by the powerful Powhatan who were helped by the powerful Powhatan Indians.Indians.

In 1609, 400 more settlers arrived but most died In 1609, 400 more settlers arrived but most died from famine and disease. “from famine and disease. “The starving time.” The starving time.” Only 60 survived.Only 60 survived.

Jamestown failed to make a profit until Jamestown failed to make a profit until John Rolfe came and introduced Tobacco John Rolfe came and introduced Tobacco ( a cash crop!)( a cash crop!)

He married Pocahontas, the daughter of the He married Pocahontas, the daughter of the Powhatan chief.Powhatan chief.

PocahontasPocahontas Rolfe and Pocahontas’ marriage Rolfe and Pocahontas’ marriage

helped establish peaceful relations.helped establish peaceful relations. Unfortunately, Pocahontas went to Unfortunately, Pocahontas went to

England to visit Rolfe and died England to visit Rolfe and died three years later.three years later.

In 1622 colonists killed a Powhatan In 1622 colonists killed a Powhatan leader and a 20 year war began.leader and a 20 year war began.

The London company could not The London company could not protect its colonists so England protect its colonists so England took back the charter and Virginia took back the charter and Virginia became a royal colony.became a royal colony.

Colonial Colonial RegionsRegions

Merchant:Merchant: A person who produces or A person who produces or trades goods.trades goods.

Subsistence Farming:Subsistence Farming: When a When a family grows only enough food to family grows only enough food to survive.survive.

Homespun:Homespun: Products that are made Products that are made at home (furniture, clothing, etc.)at home (furniture, clothing, etc.)

Cash Crops:Cash Crops: Crops that are grown in Crops that are grown in large amounts and sold for a profit.large amounts and sold for a profit.

Colonial Regions VocabularyColonial Regions Vocabulary

Merchant: A person who Merchant: A person who produces or trades goods.produces or trades goods.

Subsistence Farming: grows Subsistence Farming: grows only enough food to survive.only enough food to survive.

Homespun:Homespun: Products that are Products that are made at home (furniture, clothing, made at home (furniture, clothing, etc.)etc.)

Cash Crops: Crops that are Cash Crops: Crops that are grown in large amounts and grown in large amounts and sold for a profitsold for a profit..

Colonial Regions Colonial Regions VocabularyVocabulary

Indentured Servants:Indentured Servants: People who People who are brought to the colonies and are brought to the colonies and must work to pay off the trip.must work to pay off the trip.

Transported Criminals:Transported Criminals: Criminals Criminals that are taken from jail and made that are taken from jail and made to work in the colonies.to work in the colonies.

Slaves:Slaves: People captured in Africa People captured in Africa and sold to plantation owners. The and sold to plantation owners. The plantation owner saw them as plantation owner saw them as property.property.


Indentured Servants: People Indentured Servants: People who are brought to the colonies who are brought to the colonies and must work to pay off the and must work to pay off the trip.trip.

Transported Criminals:Transported Criminals: Criminals Criminals that are taken from jail and made that are taken from jail and made to work in the colonies.to work in the colonies.

Slaves: People captured in Slaves: People captured in Africa and sold to plantation Africa and sold to plantation owners. The plantation owner owners. The plantation owner saw them as propertysaw them as property..


The Three RegionsThe Three Regions

New New EnglandEngland

Middle Middle ColoniesColonies

Southern Southern ColoniesColonies

The Three RegionsThe Three Regions

New New EnglandEngland

Middle Middle ColoniesColonies


New EnglandNew EnglandGeographyGeography

Northern East - WoodlandsNorthern East - Woodlands Very Short Growing SeasonVery Short Growing Season Long, Cold WintersLong, Cold Winters Large ForestsLarge Forests On the Atlantic OceanOn the Atlantic Ocean Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire,

Connecticut Connecticut

New EnglandNew EnglandGeographyGeography

Northern East - WoodlandsNorthern East - Woodlands Very Very Short Growing SeasonShort Growing Season Long, Long, Cold WintersCold Winters Large ForestsLarge Forests On the Atlantic OceanOn the Atlantic Ocean Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire,

Connecticut Connecticut

New England Economy

PRODUCTSPRODUCTSSubsistence Subsistence

Farming Farming Timber and Ship Timber and Ship

Building Supplies Building Supplies (Rope, Masts, Tar)(Rope, Masts, Tar)

Dried FishDried FishRum and other Rum and other

Manufactured Manufactured Trade GoodsTrade Goods

New England Economy

PRODUCTSPRODUCTS Subsistence Subsistence

FarmingFarming Timber and Ship Timber and Ship

Building SuppliesBuilding Supplies (Rope, Masts, Tar)(Rope, Masts, Tar)

Dried FishDried Fish RumRum and other and other

Manufactured Manufactured Trade GoodsTrade Goods

Self-Governing Self-Governing ChartersCharters

Town MeetingsTown MeetingsThe Mayflower The Mayflower

Compact (Compact (legal legal contract contract agreeing to agreeing to have fair laws)have fair laws)

New EnglandNew EnglandPoliticsPolitics

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Connecticut Rhode Island

Self-Self-GoverningGoverning ChartersCharters

Town MeetingsTown MeetingsThe The

Mayflower Mayflower Compact Compact ((legal contract legal contract agreeing to agreeing to have fair lawshave fair laws))

New EnglandNew EnglandPoliticsPolitics

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Connecticut Rhode Island

New England Religion

Puritans (Protestants)

Pilgrims (Separated from Protestant)

New England Religion

Puritans (Protestants)

Pilgrims (Separated from Protestant)

PEOPLEPEOPLE Puritans and Puritans and

Pilgrims who Pilgrims who believed in working believed in working hard and following hard and following strict rules.strict rules.

Merchants, Merchants, Manufacturers, and Manufacturers, and Lawyers.Lawyers.

New EnglandNew EnglandSocietySociety

PEOPLEPEOPLE PuritansPuritans and and

PilgrimsPilgrims who who believed in working believed in working hard and following hard and following strict rules.strict rules.

Merchants, Merchants, Manufacturers, Manufacturers, and Lawyersand Lawyers..

New EnglandNew EnglandSocietySociety

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesGeographyGeography

Lower Eastern Lower Eastern WoodlandsWoodlands

Medium Medium growing season growing season and cold and cold winters.winters.

Many lakes and Many lakes and rivers for rivers for transportation.transportation.

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesGeographyGeography

Lower Eastern Lower Eastern WoodlandsWoodlands

Medium Medium growing growing season and season and cold winters.cold winters.

Many Many lakes and lakes and rivers for rivers for transportationtransportation..

Middle ColoniesEconomy

PRODUCTSPRODUCTSCalled the Bread Called the Bread

ColoniesColoniesFarmed Wheat, Farmed Wheat,

Oat, Barley and Oat, Barley and Rye.Rye.

Made homespun Made homespun (homemade) (homemade) products.products.

Traded very little.Traded very little.

Middle ColoniesEconomy

PRODUCTSPRODUCTSCalled the Bread Called the Bread

ColoniesColoniesFarmed Farmed Wheat, Wheat,

Oat, Barley and Oat, Barley and RyeRye..

Made homespun Made homespun ((homemade) homemade) productsproducts..

Traded very little.Traded very little.

Religious Religious Freedom and Freedom and ToleranceTolerance

Freedom of Freedom of the Pressthe Press

Strong Strong CourtsCourts

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesPoliticsPolitics

New York

Pennsylvania

New Jersey

Delaware

Religious Religious Freedom Freedom and and ToleranceTolerance

Freedom of Freedom of the Pressthe Press

Strong CourtsStrong Courts

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesPoliticsPolitics

New York

Pennsylvania

New Jersey

Delaware

Middle ColoniesReligion

Quakers believed in the equality of men and women before God.

Middle ColoniesReligion

Quakers believed in the equality of men and women before God.

People came from all People came from all over: England, the over: England, the Netherlands, France, Netherlands, France, Germany and others.Germany and others.

Variety of Religions: Variety of Religions: Puritans, Quakers, Puritans, Quakers, Anglicans, Catholics, Anglicans, Catholics, and Jews.and Jews.

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesSocietySociety

People came from People came from all overall over: England, : England, the Netherlands, the Netherlands, France, Germany France, Germany and others.and others.

Variety of Variety of Religions:Religions: Puritans, Puritans, Quakers, Anglicans, Quakers, Anglicans, Catholics, and Jews.Catholics, and Jews.

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesSocietySociety

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT Atlantic and Gulf Atlantic and Gulf

Coastal Plains.Coastal Plains. Long growing Long growing

season and fertile season and fertile land.land.

Warm for most of Warm for most of the yearthe year

Southern ColoniesSouthern ColoniesGeographyGeography

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT Atlantic and Gulf Atlantic and Gulf

Coastal Plains.Coastal Plains. Long growing Long growing

season season and and fertile fertile land.land.

WarmWarm for most of for most of the yearthe year

Southern ColoniesSouthern ColoniesGeographyGeography

Southern ColoniesEconomy

PRODUCTSPRODUCTS Farmed Tobacco, Farmed Tobacco,

Rice, Indigo, and Rice, Indigo, and Cotton.Cotton.

Trade “cash Trade “cash crops” farmed on crops” farmed on Plantations.Plantations.

Purchase Purchase manufactured manufactured goods.goods.

Southern ColoniesEconomy

PRODUCTSPRODUCTS Farmed Farmed Tobacco, Tobacco,

Rice, Indigo, and Rice, Indigo, and Cotton.Cotton.

Trade Trade “cash “cash crops” crops” farmed on farmed on Plantations.Plantations.

Purchase Purchase manufactured manufactured goodsgoods..

Joint-Stock Joint-Stock Charters (they Charters (they are business)are business)

Colonies run Colonies run for the profit of for the profit of the Joint-Stock the Joint-Stock CompanyCompany

Southern ColoniesSouthern ColoniesPoliticsPolitics Maryland

Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Joint-Stock Joint-Stock Charters (they Charters (they are business)are business)

Colonies run for Colonies run for the profit of the the profit of the Joint-Stock Joint-Stock CompanyCompany

Southern ColoniesSouthern ColoniesPoliticsPolitics Maryland

Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Southern ColoniesReligion

CatholicsProtestantsToleration Act of

1649 – Laws securing religions freedom

Southern ColoniesReligion

CatholicsProtestantsToleration Act

of 1649 – Laws securing religions freedom


SocietySociety

AnglicansAnglicansEnglish Plantation English Plantation

Owners, Indentured Owners, Indentured Servants, Transported Servants, Transported Criminals, and Slaves. Criminals, and Slaves.


SocietySociety

AnglicansAnglicansEnglish English Plantation Plantation

Owners, Owners, Indentured Indentured Servants, Transported Servants, Transported Criminals, and Criminals, and SlavesSlaves. .

The Slave Trade

DirectionsDirections

Please take out your notes Please take out your notes and then place your and then place your backpack on the back wall backpack on the back wall and sit on the floor in the and sit on the floor in the designated area. Fold your designated area. Fold your legs and sit up straight.legs and sit up straight.

Topic: The Slave TradeTopic: The Slave TradeEssential Question: What were Essential Question: What were the conditions of an enslaved the conditions of an enslaved

African?African?

Definition of a Definition of a slave: A person slave: A person who is forced to who is forced to be the property be the property of another of another person and is person and is required to obey required to obey their requests.their requests.

The Slave Trade

Between the 1500s and the 1800s it is estimated that over 11 million Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas.

The Slave Trade

Between the 1500s and the 1800s it is estimated that over 11 million Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas.

Origins of Slave TradeOrigins of Slave TradeSlavery has existed in many Slavery has existed in many parts of the worldparts of the world

People forced into slavery People forced into slavery came from different walks of came from different walks of lifelife

Farmers, merchants, priests, Farmers, merchants, priests, soldiers, or musicians; soldiers, or musicians; fathers and mothers, sons fathers and mothers, sons and daughters. and daughters.

Native American SlavesNative American Slaves

Europeans tried to use Native Europeans tried to use Native Indians as slaves, but they Indians as slaves, but they were ineffective.were ineffective.

1.1.They would run away! (they They would run away! (they knew the land)knew the land)

2.2.They became ill and died from They became ill and died from European diseases.European diseases.

3.3.They were not used to harsh They were not used to harsh working conditions.working conditions.

Why use Africans?Why use Africans? Desperate for Desperate for

laborers slavery laborers slavery was an acceptable was an acceptable solution. No solution. No Equality consideredEquality considered

They did not know They did not know territory which territory which made running made running away more away more difficult. Unlike the difficult. Unlike the Native AmericansNative Americans

Africans knew Africans knew agriculture were agriculture were strong and resisted strong and resisted diseases.diseases.

Why use Africans?Why use Africans? Desperate for Desperate for

laborers slavery laborers slavery waswas an acceptable an acceptable solutionsolution. No . No Equality consideredEquality considered

They did not know They did not know territory which territory which made made running running away away moremore difficultdifficult.. Unlike Unlike the Native the Native AmericansAmericans

Africans knew Africans knew agriculture ,were agriculture ,were strong and strong and resisted resisted diseases.diseases.

Trade NetworkTrade Network

Captured Africans became part of Captured Africans became part of network called the network called the triangular tradetriangular trade

First leg of triangle, ships carrying European First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slavesgoods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves

Second leg, Second leg, Middle PassageMiddle Passage, brought , brought Africans to Americas to be sold. Africans to Americas to be sold.

Third leg carried American products to Third leg carried American products to Europe.Europe.

Trade NetworkTrade Network

Captured AfricansCaptured Africans becamebecame part ofpart of network callednetwork called the the triangular tradetriangular trade

First leg of triangleFirst leg of triangle, ships carrying , ships carrying European goods to AfricaEuropean goods to Africa to be exchanged to be exchanged for slavesfor slaves

Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to Americas to be sold. Africans to Americas to be sold.

Third legThird leg carried carried American products to American products to EuropeEurope..

125

Triangle TradeTriangle TradeNorth America

The Carribean

Africa

Molasses Rum, weapons

Slaves

The Middle Passage

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

• Terrifying Terrifying • Africans chained Africans chained

together, forced into together, forced into dark, cramped quarters dark, cramped quarters below ship’s decks.below ship’s decks.

• Could neither sit nor Could neither sit nor standstand

• Journey lasted three to Journey lasted three to six weeks, ten to twenty six weeks, ten to twenty percent did not survivepercent did not survive

Horrific Conditions• Olaudah Equiano wrote about

conditions on slave ship:

• “The stench of the hold…was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time…

• “The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene of horror almost inconceivable.”

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

• TerrifyingTerrifying • Africans Africans chained together, chained together,

forced into dark, cramped forced into dark, cramped quartersquarters below ship’s below ship’s decks.decks.

• Could neither sit nor standCould neither sit nor stand• Journey lasted three to six Journey lasted three to six

weeksweeks, , ten to twenty ten to twenty percent did not survivepercent did not survive

Horrific Conditions• Olaudah Equiano wrote about

conditions on slave ship:

• “The stench of the hold…was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time…

• “The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene of horror almost inconceivable.”

Tight Packing exampleTight Packing example

131

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage•Journey over the Atlantic Ocean-anywhere from 30-90 days.

•400-600 people in a boat with little air & much disease.

•Tight Packing-Higher mortality rates but even higher profits!

•Lower Packing-less mortality, less profit!

Interior of a Slave Ship, a woodcut illustration from the publication, A History of the Amistad Captives, reveals how hundreds of slaves could be held within a slave ship. Tightly packed and confined in an area with just barely enough room to sit up, slaves were known to die from a lack of breathable air.

• Africans were crowded and chained cruelly aboard slave ships.

"...the excessive heat was not the only thing that rendered their situation intolerable. The deck, that is the floor of their rooms, was so covered with the blood and mucus which had proceeded from them in consequence of the flux, that it resembled a slaughterhouse."

Taken from Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon aboard slave ships and later the governor of a British colony for freed slaves in Sierra Leone.

Frequently, slaves were permitted on deck in small groups for brief periods, where the crew would encourage, and many times force, captives to dance for exercise.

Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its voyage. It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed from the west African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was an outbreak of disease. The ship's captain, reasoning that the slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In order to reduce the owner's losses he would throw overboard the slaves thought to be too sick to recover. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed by illness. However, it would cover slaves lost through drowning.

The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

Hear a BBC dramatization of Olaudah Equiano's account of his experiences

"I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything.

I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely.”

- Olaudah Equiano, giving the first eyewitness account of life on a ship from a slave's point of view.

• Diseases, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox killed thousands of Africans.

• Between 1699 and 1845 there were 55 successful African uprisings on slave ships.

William Snelgrave, from A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade

• From 13% - 20% of the Africans aboard slave ships died during the Middle Passage.

Can you imagine?

One drowned trying to save her baby that was thrown overboard. The other woman, who also jumped overboard to save her baby was rescued. However, she later jumped over again, committing suicide.

• Many Africans committed suicide because of their inhumane treatment.

Ankle ShackelsAnkle Shackels

This engraving, entitled An African man being inspected for sale into slavery while a white man talks with African slave traders, appeared in the detailed account of a former slave ship captain and was published in 1854.

Slave LifeSlave Life80-90% worked in the fields 80-90% worked in the fields and the others were house and the others were house slaves.slaves.

Here again cruelty, Here again cruelty, beatings and separation beatings and separation from family were common. from family were common.

Escape was brutally Escape was brutally punished-made an punished-made an exampleexample

Uprisings led to harsher Uprisings led to harsher conditions.conditions.

Slave LifeSlave Life80-90% worked in the 80-90% worked in the fields and the others were fields and the others were house slaveshouse slaves..

Here again cruelty, Here again cruelty, beatings beatings and separation from and separation from family were commonfamily were common..

Escape was brutally Escape was brutally punished-made an punished-made an exampleexample

Uprisings led to harsher Uprisings led to harsher conditions.conditions.

Pictures like these led people Pictures like these led people to fight for the end of slavery.to fight for the end of slavery.

Documents

Unit 1 Section 1: Early Exploration and Settlement