Unit 10Unit 10

From Composer to From Composer to

Interpreter to ListenerInterpreter to Listener

(Text I)(Text I)

Pre-reading questionsPre-reading questions

How do you think the three things mentioned How do you think the three things mentioned in the title are related to each other?in the title are related to each other?

Main IdeaMain Idea

The text explains/discusses the The text explains/discusses the relationship between the composer, relationship between the composer, interpreter and listener, and the different interpreter and listener, and the different roles each plays in a musical experience.roles each plays in a musical experience.

About the AuthorAbout the Author

Copland, Aaron (1900-1990), American composer, Copland, Aaron (1900-1990), American composer, dominant presence in American music of the dominant presence in American music of the 20th century. Copland was born in New York 20th century. Copland was born in New York City and studied in both New York and Paris. His City and studied in both New York and Paris. His earliest work was influenced heavily by the earliest work was influenced heavily by the French impressionists. After experimenting with French impressionists. After experimenting with jazz rhythms, Copland turned to more austere jazz rhythms, Copland turned to more austere and dissonant compositions. Concert pieces and dissonant compositions. Concert pieces such as Piano Variations (1930) and Statements such as Piano Variations (1930) and Statements (1933-1935) rely on nervous, irregular rhythms; (1933-1935) rely on nervous, irregular rhythms; angular melodies; and highly dissonant angular melodies; and highly dissonant harmonies. harmonies.

In the mid-1930s Copland adopted a simpler style, more In the mid-1930s Copland adopted a simpler style, more melodic and lyrical, frequently drawing on elements of melodic and lyrical, frequently drawing on elements of American folk music. His best work of the 1940s—American folk music. His best work of the 1940s—exemplified in exemplified in Lincoln PortraitLincoln Portrait (1942) and other (1942) and other compositions—expresses distinctly American themes.compositions—expresses distinctly American themes.

In the 1950s Copland returned to his earlier austere In the 1950s Copland returned to his earlier austere style. In his complex style. In his complex Piano FantasyPiano Fantasy (1957) and such (1957) and such later orchestral works as later orchestral works as ConnotationsConnotations (1962) he (1962) he assimilated the twelve-tone system of composition. A assimilated the twelve-tone system of composition. A distinguished teacher, Copland also did a great deal to distinguished teacher, Copland also did a great deal to promote the music of contemporary composers.promote the music of contemporary composers.

Language pointsLanguage points

interpret interpret 1 [intransitive and transitive] to translate one 1 [intransitive and transitive] to translate one

language into anotherlanguage into anotherThey spoke good Spanish, and promised to They spoke good Spanish, and promised to

interpret for me.interpret for me.2 [transitive] to believe that something someone 2 [transitive] to believe that something someone

does or something that happens has a particular does or something that happens has a particular meaningmeaning

His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.commitment to the company.

3 [transitive] to explain the meaning of some3 [transitive] to explain the meaning of somethingthing

Freud's attempts to interpret the meaning of Freud's attempts to interpret the meaning of dreamsdreams

4 [transitive] to perform (a creative work) in a 4 [transitive] to perform (a creative work) in a way that conveys one's understanding of tway that conveys one's understanding of the creator's ideas. he creator's ideas.

--interpreter--interpreter--interpretation--interpretation

quintessentialquintessential

being a perfect example of a particular type being a perfect example of a particular type of person or thingof person or thing

ￚￚ synonym typicalsynonym typical

'Guys and Dolls' is the quintessential Americ'Guys and Dolls' is the quintessential American musical.an musical.

New York is the quintessential big city.New York is the quintessential big city.

cf. cf. quintessencequintessence (Origin: quinte essence, fro (Origin: quinte essence, from Medieval Latin quinta essentia 'fifth essm Medieval Latin quinta essentia 'fifth essence'; because it was in addition to the fouence'; because it was in addition to the four elements earth, air, fire, and water)r elements earth, air, fire, and water)

the quintessence of somethingthe quintessence of something

formal a perfect example of somethingformal a perfect example of something

John is the quintessence of good manners.John is the quintessence of good manners.

embodyembody1 to be a very good example of an idea or q1 to be a very good example of an idea or q

ualityualityￚￚ synonym representsynonym representShe embodies everything I admire in a teachShe embodies everything I admire in a teach

er.er.2 formal to include something2 formal to include somethingThe latest model embodies many new improThe latest model embodies many new impro

vements.vements.

frailtyfrailty

1 [uncountable] the lack of strength or health1 [uncountable] the lack of strength or health

ￚￚ synonym weaknesssynonym weakness

frailty offrailty of

Mr. Zimmer is still alert, despite his age and Mr. Zimmer is still alert, despite his age and the frailty of his body.the frailty of his body.

2 [uncountable and countable]something ba2 [uncountable and countable]something bad or weak in your characterd or weak in your character

ￚￚ synonym weakness synonym weakness

human frailtieshuman frailties

Since comedy ridicules the frailties of man, it Since comedy ridicules the frailties of man, it professes a moral aim.professes a moral aim.

streakstreak[transitive usually passive] to cover somethin[transitive usually passive] to cover somethin

g with lines of colour, liquid etcg with lines of colour, liquid etcThe sky was streaked yellow and purple.The sky was streaked yellow and purple.streak withstreak withHis hands and arms were streaked with painHis hands and arms were streaked with pain

t.t.By the end of the trip, my shirt was streaked By the end of the trip, my shirt was streaked

with perspiration.with perspiration.

time, period, epochtime, period, epoch, era, age, era, age

epochepocha period of historya period of historyￚￚ synonym erasynonym erathe Victorian epochthe Victorian epochThe king's death marked the end of an epoch . The king's death marked the end of an epoch . The Russian Revolution marked the beginning of a The Russian Revolution marked the beginning of a

new epoch in history. new epoch in history.

at the mercy of somebody/somethingat the mercy of somebody/somethingunable to do anything to protect yourself from somunable to do anything to protect yourself from som

eone or somethingeone or somethingAfter the boat's motor failed, they were at the mercAfter the boat's motor failed, they were at the merc

y of the weather. y of the weather. I’m not going to put myself at the mercy of the banI’m not going to put myself at the mercy of the ban

k. k. leave somebody to somebody's (tender) merciesleave somebody to somebody's (tender) merciesto let someone be dealt with by another person, wto let someone be dealt with by another person, w

ho may treat them very badly or strictlyho may treat them very badly or strictly

roomroomspace somewhere for a particular thing, persspace somewhere for a particular thing, pers

on, or activityon, or activityroom inroom inI hope there's going to be enough room in thI hope there's going to be enough room in th

e fridge.e fridge.room forroom forMy suitcase was so full I didn't have room foMy suitcase was so full I didn't have room fo

r anything else.r anything else.

room to do somethingroom to do somethingThe museum doesn't have enough room to show The museum doesn't have enough room to show

everything in their collection.everything in their collection.plenty of room/enough roomplenty of room/enough roomThere's plenty of room in the boot for your luggage.There's plenty of room in the boot for your luggage.

I'm trying to I'm trying to make room formake room for a vegetable garden in the a vegetable garden in the backyard.backyard.

Step back, leave room for people to get past.Step back, leave room for people to get past.The old wardrobe The old wardrobe took up too much roomtook up too much room . . leg-room/head-room leg-room/head-room (=space for your legs or head in a (=space for your legs or head in a

vehicle) vehicle)

be agreed onbe agreed on

All parties are now agreed on the plan.All parties are now agreed on the plan.

be agreed thatbe agreed that

We're all agreed that we cannot spend what We're all agreed that we cannot spend what we have not earwe have not ear

take it for granted (that)take it for granted (that)to believe that something is true without making sureto believe that something is true without making sureHe just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.

take somebody/something for grantedtake somebody/something for grantedto expect that someone or something will always be there to expect that someone or something will always be there

when you need them and never think how important or when you need them and never think how important or useful they areuseful they are

Bridget was careful not to take him for granted. Bridget was careful not to take him for granted. But he took nothing for granted and left little to chance.But he took nothing for granted and left little to chance.

leewayleeway

freedom to do things in the way you want tofreedom to do things in the way you want to

leeway inleeway in

The government does not have much leewaThe government does not have much leeway in foreign policy.y in foreign policy.

leeway to do somethingleeway to do something

Try to give teenagers more leeway to make tTry to give teenagers more leeway to make their own decisions.heir own decisions.

literallyliterally

1 according to the most basic or original me1 according to the most basic or original meaning of a word or expressionaning of a word or expression

The name of the cheese is Dolcelatte, literallThe name of the cheese is Dolcelatte, literally meaning 'sweet milk'. y meaning 'sweet milk'.

I said I felt like quitting, but I didn't mean it litI said I felt like quitting, but I didn't mean it literally (=I did not mean exactly what I said) erally (=I did not mean exactly what I said) !!

2 take somebody/something literally2 take somebody/something literallyto believe exactly what someone or something to believe exactly what someone or something

says rather than trying to understand their says rather than trying to understand their general meaninggeneral meaning

She takes the Bible literally.She takes the Bible literally.

3 used to emphasize that something, especially a 3 used to emphasize that something, especially a large number, is actually truelarge number, is actually true

The Olympic Games were watched by literally The Olympic Games were watched by literally billions of people.billions of people.

dynamicsdynamics[plural] changes in how loudly music is played or sung[plural] changes in how loudly music is played or sung 【音乐】【音乐】

力度强弱力度强弱

open to somethingopen to somethinga) likely to suffer from something or be affected by something a) likely to suffer from something or be affected by something

易受易受The magazine's editor is open to criticism in allowing the article tThe magazine's editor is open to criticism in allowing the article t

o be printed. o be printed. The regulations are open to abuse by companies. The regulations are open to abuse by companies. He has left himself open to accusations of dishonesty.He has left himself open to accusations of dishonesty.b) willing to consider something new or to accept something newb) willing to consider something new or to accept something newTeachers need to be open to children's ideas. Teachers need to be open to children's ideas. The committee is open to suggestions. The committee is open to suggestions.

see [view] sth. in a different light see [view] sth. in a different light 从另一种观点来从另一种观点来看某事看某事 (line 58)(line 58)

in a new/different/bad etc light in a new/different/bad etc light if someone or something is seen or shown in a parif someone or something is seen or shown in a par

ticular light, people can see that particular part of ticular light, people can see that particular part of their charactertheir character

I suddenly saw my father in a new light. I suddenly saw my father in a new light. This incident will put the company in a very bad ligThis incident will put the company in a very bad lig

ht.ht.

in so far as/insofar as/in as far asin so far as/insofar as/in as far as

formal to the degree that formal to the degree that 在…限度内，在…在…限度内，在…的范围内的范围内

I shall do what I can insofar as I am able. I shall do what I can insofar as I am able. 我我力所能及的都要去做。力所能及的都要去做。

The research suggests that the drug will be The research suggests that the drug will be successful, in so far as one can draw concsuccessful, in so far as one can draw conclusions from such a small sample size.lusions from such a small sample size.

bespeakbespeakliteraryliterary to be a sign of something to be a sign of something 表明表明His speech bespoke the country's mood of hope and confideHis speech bespoke the country's mood of hope and confide

nce.nce.

laymanlaymansomeone who is not trained in a particular subject or type of someone who is not trained in a particular subject or type of

work, especially when they are being compared with somework, especially when they are being compared with someone who isone who is

ￚￚ opposite expertopposite expertTo the layman (=laymen in general) all these plants look prettTo the layman (=laymen in general) all these plants look prett

y similar.y similar.If you don't understand what the doctor says, ask to have it eIf you don't understand what the doctor says, ask to have it e

xplained in layman’s terms (=in simple language) .xplained in layman’s terms (=in simple language) .

strive strive

formal formal to make a great effort to achieve soto make a great effort to achieve somethingmething

strive to do somethingstrive to do something

I was still striving to be successful.I was still striving to be successful.

strive for/afterstrive for/after

We must continue to strive for greater efficieWe must continue to strive for greater efficiency.ncy.

pretensionpretension

1 an attempt to seem more important, more intelligent, or of 1 an attempt to seem more important, more intelligent, or of a higher class than you really area higher class than you really are

pretension(s) topretension(s) toLilith resented Adam's pretensions to superiority.Lilith resented Adam's pretensions to superiority.the humbleness and lack of pretension of Jordan's cafethe humbleness and lack of pretension of Jordan's cafe2 a claim to be or do something2 a claim to be or do somethingpretension(s) to be somethingpretension(s) to be somethingThe group don't have any pretensions to be pop stars.The group don't have any pretensions to be pop stars.

intentintent1 1 be intent on/upon (doing) somethingbe intent on/upon (doing) somethingto be determined to do something or achieve somethingto be determined to do something or achieve somethingShe was intent on pursuing a career in business.She was intent on pursuing a career in business.

2 giving careful attention to something so that you think abo2 giving careful attention to something so that you think about nothing elseut nothing else

his intent gazehis intent gazeintent on/uponintent on/uponIntent upon her work, she didn't notice the cold.Intent upon her work, she didn't notice the cold.ￚￚ intently intently Jake listened intently.Jake listened intently.

Text 2 Text 2 The Jazz SceneThe Jazz Scene

write about criticallywrite about criticallycriticallycriticallyaccording to critics who give judgments according to critics who give judgments

about art, films, theatre, and booksabout art, films, theatre, and booksThe play was The play was critically acclaimedcritically acclaimed (=praised (=praised

by critics) when it opened in London last by critics) when it opened in London last month.month.

Collins also played Valentine in the critically Collins also played Valentine in the critically acclaimed 1989 movie.acclaimed 1989 movie.

cf.cf.1 1 critically ill/injuredcritically ill/injuredso ill or so badly injured that you might die (see also fatally)so ill or so badly injured that you might die (see also fatally)10 people died and 30 were critically injured in a rail crash 10 people died and 30 were critically injured in a rail crash

yesterday. She is still critically ill in hospital.yesterday. She is still critically ill in hospital.

2 in a way that is very important2 in a way that is very importantￚￚ synonym cruciallysynonym cruciallyThe success of the project The success of the project depends critically ondepends critically on the continu the continu

ation of this funding.ation of this funding.This is a This is a critically importantcritically important meeting. meeting.

blueblue1 [not before noun] informal sad and without hope1 [not before noun] informal sad and without hopeￚￚ synonym depressedsynonym depressedI've been feeling kind of blue.I've been feeling kind of blue.

2 informal blue jokes, stories etc are about sex, in 2 informal blue jokes, stories etc are about sex, in a way that might offend some people a way that might offend some people 色情的；色情的；淫猥的，下流的 淫猥的，下流的

blue movie???blue movie???

crazecrazea fashion, game, type of music etc that becomes va fashion, game, type of music etc that becomes v

ery popular for a short timeery popular for a short timeￚￚ synonym fadsynonym fadcraze forcraze forShe started a craze for this type of jewellery.She started a craze for this type of jewellery.At that time, scooters were the latest craze . At that time, scooters were the latest craze . fitness/dance/fashion etc crazefitness/dance/fashion etc craze The jogging craze began in the 1970s.The jogging craze began in the 1970s.

way-out way-out

informalinformal very modern, unusual, and strange very modern, unusual, and strange

I like some jazz, but not the way-out stuff.I like some jazz, but not the way-out stuff.

followingfollowing [countable] [countable]1 [usually singular] a group of people who support or admir1 [usually singular] a group of people who support or admir

e someonee someoneThe band has a big following in Europe.The band has a big following in Europe.

2 2 the followingthe followingthe people or things that you are going to mentionthe people or things that you are going to mentionThe following The following havehave been selected to play in tomorrow's ga been selected to play in tomorrow's ga

me: Louise Carus, Fiona Douglas...me: Louise Carus, Fiona Douglas...Typical examples of opposites include the following: small aTypical examples of opposites include the following: small a

nd large, cold and hot...nd large, cold and hot...

DictationDictation

(A Brief Evaluation of Beethoven’s Music)(A Brief Evaluation of Beethoven’s Music)

Beethoven combined the dramatic classical style of liBeethoven combined the dramatic classical style of lively contrasts and symmetrical forms, which was brovely contrasts and symmetrical forms, which was brought to its highest development by Mozart, with the olught to its highest development by Mozart, with the older tradition of unified musical character that he founder tradition of unified musical character that he found in the music of J. S. Bach. In some early works and d in the music of J. S. Bach. In some early works and especially in his middle or heroic period, Beethoven gespecially in his middle or heroic period, Beethoven gave voice through his music to the new current of subave voice through his music to the new current of subjectivity and individualism that emerged in the wake ojectivity and individualism that emerged in the wake of the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the rise of f the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the rise of middle classes.middle classes.

Beethoven disdained injustice and tyrannBeethoven disdained injustice and tyranny, and used his art to sing the praises of thy, and used his art to sing the praises of the Enlightenment, an 18th-century movemee Enlightenment, an 18th-century movement that promoted the ideals of freedom and nt that promoted the ideals of freedom and equality, even as hopes faded for progress equality, even as hopes faded for progress through political change. (His angry cancelthrough political change. (His angry cancellation of the dedication of the lation of the dedication of the EroicaEroica Symp Symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte reveals Beethony to Napoleon Bonaparte reveals Beethoven’s refusal to compromise his principlhoven’s refusal to compromise his principles.)es.)

The fact that Beethoven realized his artistic ambThe fact that Beethoven realized his artistic ambitions in spite of his hearing impairment added to itions in spite of his hearing impairment added to the fascination and inspiration of his life for postthe fascination and inspiration of his life for posterity, and the extraordinary richness and compleerity, and the extraordinary richness and complexity of his later works insured that no later generxity of his later works insured that no later generation would fail to find challenge in his music. Beation would fail to find challenge in his music. Beethoven’s artistic achievement cast a long shadoethoven’s artistic achievement cast a long shadow over the 19th century and beyond, having set w over the 19th century and beyond, having set a standard against which later composers would a standard against which later composers would measure their work. measure their work.

Subsequent composers have had to respoSubsequent composers have had to respond to the challenge of Beethoven’s Ninth, nd to the challenge of Beethoven’s Ninth, which appeared to have taken the symphowhich appeared to have taken the symphony to its ultimate development. ny to its ultimate development.

-----THE END-----THE END

““MMusic is a higher revelation than all wiusic is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophysdom and philosophy." ."

-- Ludwig van Beethoven-- Ludwig van Beethoven

The EndThe End

Thank You!Thank You!