Unit 13Unit 13

Georgia in the Depression and Georgia in the Depression and WarWar

The Great Depression The Great Depression (Intro)(Intro)

► The Stock Market CrashThe Stock Market Crash ““Black Tuesday”Black Tuesday” 19291929

► Variety of economic factorsVariety of economic factors Agriculture and industry declinedAgriculture and industry declined Banks foreclosed (Loans going unpaid)Banks foreclosed (Loans going unpaid) Unemployment roseUnemployment rose

► President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) created a plan called created a plan called “The New Deal”“The New Deal” which began our climb out of the Depression.which began our climb out of the Depression. This along with our eventual involvement in World War II got our industry and This along with our eventual involvement in World War II got our industry and

agriculture back on its’ feet.agriculture back on its’ feet.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt “Black Tuesday” outside Wall Street

Georgia in the TwentiesGeorgia in the Twenties► Radios in HomesRadios in Homes

WSB “The voice of the WSB “The voice of the South”South”

► AutomobilesAutomobiles Gasoline stations and Gasoline stations and

garagesgarages► MotelsMotels

Motor hotels for the travelerMotor hotels for the traveler► EducationEducation

Money being brought into Money being brought into the schools for equip…the schools for equip…

► MedicineMedicine Diseases (typhoid, measles, Diseases (typhoid, measles,

…) being wiped out due to …) being wiped out due to discovery of cures and discovery of cures and vaccinesvaccines

Click above for their Homepage

Georgia in the Twenties IIGeorgia in the Twenties II► Homes had electricity and Homes had electricity and

appliancesappliances► People spent freely on People spent freely on

goods and servicesgoods and services► FlappersFlappers: young women : young women

who boldly displayed their who boldly displayed their independent spiritindependent spirit The Charleston (Dance)The Charleston (Dance) Jazz musicJazz music

► Organized crime rose due to Organized crime rose due to ProhibitionProhibition I.e.…“Scarface” Al Capone, I.e.…“Scarface” Al Capone,

Jack “Legs” Diamond, and Jack “Legs” Diamond, and Frank “The Enforcer” Nitti…Frank “The Enforcer” Nitti…

► Speakeasy: a nightclub that : a nightclub that served alcohol in tea cupsserved alcohol in tea cups

Click forWebsite

Flappers

Al Capone

Human AccomplishmentsHuman Accomplishments

► Gertrude EderleGertrude Ederle: swam the English Channel: swam the English Channel► Babe RuthBabe Ruth: baseball hero for the NY Yankees: baseball hero for the NY Yankees► Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh: flew across the Atlantic Ocean : flew across the Atlantic Ocean

from New York to Paris, France.from New York to Paris, France. Plane was called “The Spirit of St. Louis”Plane was called “The Spirit of St. Louis”

Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh by the “Spirit of St. Louis

Georgia Agricultural Georgia Agricultural HardshipsHardships

► Boll WeevilBoll Weevil: small, : small, grayish, long-snouted grayish, long-snouted beetle many Georgia beetle many Georgia farmers cotton crops.farmers cotton crops. Came from MexicoCame from Mexico Beetles hatch in the Beetles hatch in the

cotton flower (boll)…cotton flower (boll)…where the flower where the flower develops into fibers.develops into fibers.

► 1925: Drought1925: Drought An extended period of An extended period of

extreme dryness due to extreme dryness due to a lack of rain.a lack of rain.

Boll Weevil

Damage to cotton plant by the Boll Weevil

Georgians during the Great Georgians during the Great DepressionDepression

► Drop in farmers’ incomeDrop in farmers’ income► UnemploymentUnemployment► Trouble meeting everyday needsTrouble meeting everyday needs► Children without shoes, proper clothing, and educationChildren without shoes, proper clothing, and education► StarvationStarvation► Health Care and public services sufferedHealth Care and public services suffered

Click Picture toSee photo essay

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

► By March of 1929, banks were closing and By March of 1929, banks were closing and factories were laying off workers…factories were laying off workers…

Farmers were unable to pay off debtsFarmers were unable to pay off debts Factories were producing more than they were sellingFactories were producing more than they were selling Workers were being laid off…unable to pay debtsWorkers were being laid off…unable to pay debts Banks were failing and closing as people wanted their Banks were failing and closing as people wanted their

money…banks were not getting paid for their loans money…banks were not getting paid for their loans therefore they could not give people their money.therefore they could not give people their money.

► A fierce circle that was spinning out of control.A fierce circle that was spinning out of control.

The Stock Market CrashThe Stock Market Crash

► Stock Market (Exchange):Stock Market (Exchange): a place where shares in corporations are bought a place where shares in corporations are bought and sold through an organized system.and sold through an organized system.

► People had invested in the market with People had invested in the market with borrowed moneyborrowed money …when the crash …when the crash occurs they could not pay back their debts to the banks.occurs they could not pay back their debts to the banks.

October 24, 1929-Stock Market Crashes (Black Tuesday)October 24, 1929-Stock Market Crashes (Black Tuesday)

► Thousands of stock holders lost moneyThousands of stock holders lost money I.e.. I.e.. Montgomery WardMontgomery Ward: Pre-crash price was : Pre-crash price was $138/share, after $138/share, after

$4/share$4/share I.e.. I.e.. General MotorsGeneral Motors: : $78/share, $8/share$78/share, $8/share

The floor of the NYSE

President Herbert HooverPresident Herbert Hoover► First President to use the power First President to use the power

of the government to help the of the government to help the economy recover.economy recover. Attempted to buy cotton to Attempted to buy cotton to

stimulate agriculturestimulate agriculture Loaned federal money to needy Loaned federal money to needy

businessesbusinesses Public works projectsPublic works projects

► i.e.. Post offices, parks, i.e.. Post offices, parks, courthousescourthouses

Provided wheat, cotton, and Provided wheat, cotton, and flour to needyflour to needy

► HoovervillesHoovervilles: where homeless : where homeless and unemployed found and unemployed found themselves living during “Great themselves living during “Great Depression”.Depression”.

► ReliefRelief: money and goods given : money and goods given to people in special need to people in special need i.e.. Red Cross, Salvation Army, i.e.. Red Cross, Salvation Army,

Federal Gov’tFederal Gov’t

President Herbert Hoover

Franklin Delano RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt““I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a

new deal for the American new deal for the American people.”people.”

► 4 term President beginning in 4 term President beginning in 1932.1932. Defeated Herbert HooverDefeated Herbert Hoover Struck with polio in 1921 (Wore Struck with polio in 1921 (Wore

leg braces and used a wheel leg braces and used a wheel chair)chair)

Spent many summers during his Spent many summers during his presidency at presidency at “The Little “The Little White House” in Warm White House” in Warm Springs, GASprings, GA

► His first action was to gather His first action was to gather together a group of advisors together a group of advisors from all over the country who from all over the country who helped him plan a way to deal helped him plan a way to deal with the Depression:with the Depression:

THE NEW DEAL!THE NEW DEAL!

Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt

The Little White House, Warm Springs, GA

THE NEW DEALTHE NEW DEAL

► A series of laws and programs that were A series of laws and programs that were designed to help get the United States out designed to help get the United States out of The Great Depression.of The Great Depression.

► First he ordered all banks closed until First he ordered all banks closed until government inspectors could examine themgovernment inspectors could examine them Government loaned money to the weaker banksGovernment loaned money to the weaker banks

► To increase farm prices, the government To increase farm prices, the government asked farmers to cut back on productionasked farmers to cut back on production

New Deal ProgramsNew Deal Programs► Agricultural Adjustment Act Agricultural Adjustment Act

(AAA)(AAA):: provided price supports provided price supports (Higher guaranteed prices) to (Higher guaranteed prices) to farmers who agreed to cut back farmers who agreed to cut back cropscrops Ruled unconstitutional by Ruled unconstitutional by

Supreme Court in Supreme Court in U.S. v. U.S. v. Butler (1936)Butler (1936)

► National Industrial National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)Recovery Act (NIRA):: allowed allowed manufacturers to regulate manufacturers to regulate themselves by cutting themselves by cutting production. production. Reduce hours of operationReduce hours of operation Promised 40-hour work weekPromised 40-hour work week Minimum wageMinimum wage: least amount : least amount

an employer can pay an an employer can pay an employeeemployee

Permitted workers to unionizePermitted workers to unionize

► Stretch OutStretch Out:: workers had to workers had to tend to more machines or do tend to more machines or do more work in less amount of more work in less amount of time.time.

Assembly Line –Stretching Out

New Deal Programs IINew Deal Programs II► August 1934August 1934: textile mill workers began a : textile mill workers began a strike (walked off strike (walked off

the job)the job) to protest working conditions, hours, and money. to protest working conditions, hours, and money.

► Wagner Act of 1935:Wagner Act of 1935: guaranteed workers the right of guaranteed workers the right of collective bargainingcollective bargaining Discussions between a union and the employer to determine such Discussions between a union and the employer to determine such

things as working conditions and employee’s wages, hours, and things as working conditions and employee’s wages, hours, and benefits.benefits.

Outlawed unfair labor practices…firing of union organizers.Outlawed unfair labor practices…firing of union organizers.

The New Deal and The New Deal and GeorgiaGeorgia► Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley Authority

(TVA-1933):(TVA-1933): Social improvement projectSocial improvement project Tennessee River Valley Tennessee River Valley

stretched through 7 statesstretched through 7 states Built dams on the river to Built dams on the river to

provide cheap electricity, provide cheap electricity, improve navigation, attract improve navigation, attract industry, control flooding, industry, control flooding, improve farming, and create improve farming, and create recreation.recreation.

► ConservationConservation: management of : management of a natural resource to prevent a natural resource to prevent it’s destruction.it’s destruction.

► Rural Electrification Rural Electrification Authority (REA):Authority (REA): Helped farmers extend power Helped farmers extend power

lines and buy power wholesalelines and buy power wholesale One of the most important and One of the most important and

far reaching of the New Deal far reaching of the New Deal programsprograms► Farmers could now have Farmers could now have

electric water pumps, lights, electric water pumps, lights, milking machines, and milking machines, and appliancesappliances

Blacks and The New DealBlacks and The New Deal

► The black community did not make major gains under The The black community did not make major gains under The New Deal reforms…as many of the projects New Deal reforms…as many of the projects unintentionallyunintentionally left out lower income tenant workers.left out lower income tenant workers.

► Commission on Inter-racial Cooperation (CIC):Commission on Inter-racial Cooperation (CIC): Worked to ensure the equal administration of federal relief effortsWorked to ensure the equal administration of federal relief efforts 1944: the Commission became known as the 1944: the Commission became known as the Southern Southern

Regional Council (SRC)Regional Council (SRC) which goes on to play a major role in which goes on to play a major role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 60’sthe Civil Rights Movement of the 60’s

New Deal Programs IIINew Deal Programs III

► Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA):Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA): gave gave money to the states to provide jobs, food, and money to the states to provide jobs, food, and clothes to the unemployed.clothes to the unemployed.

► Public Works Administration (PWA):Public Works Administration (PWA): built public built public projects to help the economy recoverprojects to help the economy recover i.e. built ports, schools, and aircraft carriersi.e. built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers

► Works Progress Administration (WPA):Works Progress Administration (WPA): provided jobs for workers as quickly as possible provided jobs for workers as quickly as possible i.e.. airports, libraries, post offices, parks…artists, i.e.. airports, libraries, post offices, parks…artists,

musicians, and actors helped beautify towns and citiesmusicians, and actors helped beautify towns and cities► Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC):Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC):

Army operatedArmy operated Established camps for the unemployed young men just out Established camps for the unemployed young men just out

of high schoolof high school Paid a monthly wage ($30) to work on environmental Paid a monthly wage ($30) to work on environmental

projectsprojects

New Deal Programs IVNew Deal Programs IV► National Youth National Youth

Administration (NYA):Administration (NYA): paid paid college students to grade college students to grade papers and do office related papers and do office related workwork

► Social Security Act (1935):Social Security Act (1935): set up a system of pensions set up a system of pensions for elderly, unemployed, and for elderly, unemployed, and people with disabilities.people with disabilities.

► Federal Deposit Insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):Corporation (FDIC): insured insured savings accounts in banks savings accounts in banks approved by the federal gov’t.approved by the federal gov’t.

► Security Exchange Act of Security Exchange Act of 1934:1934: bill created to bill created to eliminate stock market eliminate stock market abuses.abuses. i.e.. insider trading and buying i.e.. insider trading and buying

stock with borrowed money.stock with borrowed money.

Richard Russell, Jr.Richard Russell, Jr.► Governor of Georgia (1931)Governor of Georgia (1931)

► Reduced number of state Reduced number of state boards from 102 to 18boards from 102 to 18

► Created the University System Created the University System of Georgia Board of Regentsof Georgia Board of Regents Hughes Spalding 1Hughes Spalding 1stst chairman chairman

► Became U.S. Senator in 1932Became U.S. Senator in 1932

► Favored a National military Favored a National military preparednesspreparedness

► Infrastructure:Infrastructure: water, water, sewer, gas, electric, roads, sewer, gas, electric, roads, sidewalks,…sidewalks,…

Eugene TalmadgeEugene Talmadge► Governor of GA-1933Governor of GA-1933► Conservative white separatistConservative white separatist► Did not like federal gov’t Did not like federal gov’t

interventionintervention i.e....relief efforts, public i.e....relief efforts, public

welfare, federal welfare, federal assistance programsassistance programs

► Reduced taxes and used Reduced taxes and used federal relief money to build federal relief money to build highways instead of helping highways instead of helping needyneedy

► Refused to follow New Deal Refused to follow New Deal programsprograms Federal gov’t steps in (1934)Federal gov’t steps in (1934)

► Called in National Guard to Called in National Guard to arrest strikers of the textile arrest strikers of the textile industry.industry.

Eurith RiversEurith Rivers

► Governor of Georgia (1937-1941)Governor of Georgia (1937-1941)► Supported FDR’s New Deal ProgramSupported FDR’s New Deal Program

Health services, old age pensions, teacher pay raises, 7-month Health services, old age pensions, teacher pay raises, 7-month school year, and expansion of highway systemschool year, and expansion of highway system

► Expanded electrical services to rural areasExpanded electrical services to rural areas ► Public housing programsPublic housing programs► Much of his staff was charged with corruption and illegal Much of his staff was charged with corruption and illegal

practicespractices

Ellis ArnallEllis Arnall► Georgia Governor in 1943Georgia Governor in 1943► 11stst GA governor to serve a GA governor to serve a

4-year term4-year term► Removed the universities Removed the universities

and prisons from the and prisons from the political influences of the political influences of the governor’s officegovernor’s office

► Abolished (done away with) Abolished (done away with) the poll taxthe poll tax

► New state constitution New state constitution adopted in 1945adopted in 1945

► Granted 18 year olds the Granted 18 year olds the right to vote (1right to vote (1stst state to state to do so)do so) ““Old enough to fight, old Old enough to fight, old

enough to vote”enough to vote”

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