Unit 16 - Plant Unit 16 - Plant Systems Systems

On the following slides, the green sections are the most important – hyperlinks are shown in purple.Underlined words = vocabulary!Background Image http://www.respect-texas.org/bluebonnets.jpg

o The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) is our state flower and a plant native to Texas.

o Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much alive and composed of eukaryotic cells!

o In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants, specifically transport, reproduction, and response.

IntroductionIntroduction

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o Plants are multicellular eukaryotes w/ cell walls made of cellulose.

o Plants are autotrophs that carryout photosynthesis to obtain energy.

o To carry out cellular functions, plants need: o Sunlighto Watero CO2

o Minerals

Review of Plant CellsReview of Plant CellsTextbook Reference pg. 559,605

http://www.terrebonneonline.com/plantcell1.jpg

6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT C6H1206 + 602

(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen)

o Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs convert light energy and carbon dioxide into glucose as a food source for the plant.

Review of PhotosynthesisReview of Photosynthesis Textbook Reference pg. 559

http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg

o Plants have cell differentiation (different cell types perform specific functions).

o EX Root cells, stem cells, and flower petal cells all have specific functions (jobs) that they carry out for the plant.

o AKA Cell Specialization

Cell DifferentiationCell Differentiation

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o Roots are specialized underground organs that absorb water and minerals necessary for the plant and anchor [hold] the plant in the soil and help to prevent soil erosion.o tap root – (ex: carrot) single large central

root o fibrous root – (ex: grasses) clump of short

threadlike divisions

Absorption via RootsAbsorption via Roots Textbook Reference pg. 612-613

http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif

o Stems are specialized tissues that support leaves to hold them up to sun, and transport water, sugars, and nutrients through the plant.

o Some stems are also modified for glucose [sugar] storage areas.

Transport via StemsTransport via Stems Textbook Reference pg. 615-617

http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpg

o Just like in animals, vascular tissues transport materials for plants. o Xylem – transports

water (L for liquid) via capillary action in stacked cells to form straw-like drinking tubes; movement is up from roots to leaves

o Phloem – transports glucose; movement can be up and down

Transport Cont.Transport Cont. Textbook Reference pg. 562, 608, 610

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAAAAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif

o Leaves are the tissues where most photosynthesis, and transpiration [evaporation from plants] occurs.o Veins run through

the leaves, transport water, glucose, minerals, etc. to the plant cells

Photosynthesis via Photosynthesis via LeavesLeaves Textbook Reference pg. 617-619

http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg

o Stomata are openings in leaf tissue, much like the pores in our skin, used for gas exchange. o Guard cells control

the opening and closing of stoma; the cells surround the opening contain numerous mitochondria for energy conversion

Photosynthesis Cont. Photosynthesis Cont. Textbook Reference pg. 697, 619 [Fig 23.19]

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/interviews/stoma_diagram.gif

http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plant/static/images/blumeninschwabenArabidopsisThaliana.jpg

Stomates forming cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Image

o Flowers are a reproductive organ (not all plants have flowers) with male and female parts. o pollination –

transporting pollen (male sperm) to female part (ovule)

o fertilization – union of sperm with egg (creates a development of a plant embryo [seed] which grows into a mature plant).

Reproduction via FlowersReproduction via Flowers Textbook Reference pg. 642 [Fig 24.9]

http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg

o Maleo Stamen – consist of the anther (produces

pollen) and filament (supports anther)o Pollen – contains sperm

o Femaleo Pistil – consists of the stigma, (where pollen

lands), style, (connects stigma to ovary), and the ovule (develops into the fruit)o Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually

becomes the seed when fertilizedo Non-sexual

o Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees)

o Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts

Flowers Cont.Flowers Cont.

Flower Cont. Cont.

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html

o Fruits develop from a flower’s female reproductive structure(s), and sometimes other parts too. o The fruits contain the

seed(s) o provide a means to

spread and disperse the seed(s) and/or as a food source [rich in nutrients] for the germinating seed.

o EX fleshy fruit like strawberries, apples, tomato,

o EX dry fruit like walnuts and acorns

Reproductive Tissues - Reproductive Tissues - FruitFruit Textbook Reference pg. 594

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/food-kitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpg

o Seed Plants form seeds (a plant embryo surrounded by a food supply) in order to reproduce. o Seeds are encased in a

protective covering called a seed coat.

o Video

Reproductive Tissues – Reproductive Tissues – SeedsSeeds Textbook Reference pg. 594

http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/seeds/seed.gif

http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/images_rev/seed-pics.jpg

o Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and ferns) and therefore these plants MUST have water in order for the sperm to swim to the egg..

Seedless ReproductionSeedless Reproduction Textbook Reference pg. 562, 582 [Fig 22.6]

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Photo and caption by Bente Haarstad

o Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their environments (called tropism) – Tropism Animation

o There are four main types of tropisms:o Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in

plants that make it grow either with the pull of gravity or against it

o Hydrotropism = response that bends it towards water

o Phototropism = response that bends it towards light

o Thigmotropism = response that bends it around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor)

Response Response Textbook Reference pg. 624-625

Response Cont.Response Cont.http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif

o Another type of response, specifically to changes in pressure, is called a nastic response.

o The most common example is the infamous Venus flytrap which closes its leaf when the plant senses an insect to digest nutrients using enzymes.

o Nastic Slideshow

Response Cont.Response Cont.

http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepageimage.jpg

Plant Hormones Plant Hormones Textbook Reference

pg. 622-623

o A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an organism that is transported to another part where it causes a physiological change - plant hormones regulate the growth and development in plants – o Some hormones include:

o Auxins – promote cell elongation and growth

o Gibberellins – promote cell elongation, bud development and seed germination

o Cytokinins – stimulate mitosis and cell division

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o Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food, shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the planet.

o Just like animals, plants are active responders within various environments to survive and thrive.

o Their use and importance is numerous; humans use plants with healing properties in medical treatments.

ConclusionConclusion

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