Upload
cody-robertson
View
217
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Unit 2: Early Modern Times
During this unit, you will:
• Know the major developments that led to the emergence of modern Europe.
• Understand how religion, culture, economics and politics changed during the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and Absolutist movements.
• Explain the short-term and long-term effects of these changes.
Renaissance
• Essential Questions:– What were the key ideas and figures that defined
the Renaissance?– How has the Renaissance shaped our World
Today?
“We are entering an age of light coming out of the gothic gloom.”
–Francesco Petrarch
Middle Ages- Preoccupation with the
afterlife = Church- Pessimism: Life was a
march to death- Christian Humbleness
discourages self-absorption
- Man created in God’s image but fails to meet the standard
Later Middle Ages Art
Later Middle Ages Art
Later Middle Ages Art
Gothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture (Interior)
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
• Location-• Seat of Catholic Church (Patronage)• Economic wealth of Patron families (Ex.
Medici’s in Florence)• Political Centralization (city-states) provided
stability• Center of the Classical world
• Discovery of Classic texts in Islamic Libraries
• “Reconquista” As Spain taken back from Moors Classical artifacts are re-discovered
• Fall of Constantinople – Greek Exodus (1453)
• Crusades and Trade introducing Eastern Math concepts & Architecture
What events sparked the Renaissance?
Renaissance Themes
Individualism
- Glorification of Uniqueness
- Stress on personality, genius, athleticism, artistic ability
- Maximize potential- Fame, Glory,
Ambition
Renaissance ThemesHumanism
- Revival of Greco-Roman literature and philosophy
- Focus on human traits rather than God
Renaissance Themes
Secularism- Material over Spiritual- Explain
accomplishments with Senses (ex. Galileo)
- Here & Now- Renaissance Man
sought comfort of the senses
- Life is a Journey not a destination
The Renaissance Man
“….man could write a poem, wrestle, sing a song, and accompany himself on an instrument, ride expertly, solve math problems, and above all speak and write eloquently.”
- Castiglione, The Courtier (1528)
The Renaissance Man
- Educationally focused- History, Rhetoric, Ethics- What is Virtue?- Young Nobility (Elitist
Movement)- Education about ruling
and/or running a business
Technological Innovations of the Renaissance
Printing-1455 – Johann
Gutenberg, Fust, Schoffer create movable type
-More effective communication in government, propaganda, “invisible public,” stimulates literacy of laypeople in church
Technological Innovations of the Renaissance
Clocks- Quantification of
Time becomes important
- “Time is Money”- Control of Universe- Creation of set
work hours
Women and the Renaissance- Renaissance is a male-
dominated movement- Status of Upper Class
women declines (work, property, political power) - Marriage
- Women were decorations for a man
- Improvement for middle to lower class women.
Italian Art• Italians were able to spend a lot of money on
art. (patronage)– Art communicated social, political, and spiritual
values.– Italian banking & international trade interests had
the money.– Reverted back to the Classics for inspiration
****Art for the first time is not controlled by the Catholic Church!****
Florence, Italy
• Geography makes Florence the ideal Renaissance city– Continental trade passes
through Florence– Banking is foundation of
economy– Central to culture and
art
The Medici
• Gained their fortune through Banking and the textile trade in Europe
• Lorenzo the Magnificent
1478 - 15211517 - 1574
Sculptures of the Medici
Medici ChapelThe Medici Palace
Medici Architecture
� Filippo Brunelleschi1377 - 1436
� Architect-built the dome of Florence
� Cuppolo of St. Mariadel Fiore
Filippo Brunelleschi
• Commissioned to build the cathedral dome.– Used unique
architectural concepts. He studied the ancient
Pantheon in Rome.
Brunelleschi’s Dome
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital
(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)
Four of the World’s Largest Domes
Comparing Domes
Leonardo Da Vinci
1452 - 1519
� Artist
� Sculptor
� Architect
� Scientist
� Engineer
� Inventor
� Vitruvian Man
� Leonardo daVinci
� An Equestrian Statue
� 1516-1518
Leonardo the Sculptor
His many works based off of the humanistic form of life…
Leonardo and the Renaissance quest for knowledge…
� An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.
Leonardo’s quest for medical knowledge
Other Leonardo works
� 1475 – 1564
Michelangelo
� David
� MichelangeloBuonarotti
� 1504
� Marble
� The Pieta
� MichelangeloBuonarroti
� 1499
� marble
The Sistine Chapel’s works
The Creation
of the Heavens
Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo
Creation of Man
Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo (Con’t)
Michelangelo
Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518
Raphael� Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:
The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
� The Duke tried to kill Lorenzo!
Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna
Raphael and his works
Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna
)More Raphael works
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
� A Medici Pope.
� He went through the Vatican treasury in a year!
� His extravagances offended even some cardinals [as well as Martin Luther!].
� Started selling indulgences.
Pope Leo X
� Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control.
Who is Castiglione?
Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from
different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
“well-rounded man”
“The Renaissance Man”
Machiavelli
• Niccolo Machiavelli was an influential politician, diplomat and philosopher for Italian city-states.
• Wrote The Prince in 1513 as a guidebook for Renaissance men to succeed in Politics and society. Described how to use diplomacy and be a gentleman in life…NOT the power politics that had dominated the Renaissance before.
William Shakespeare
• Was Part of the Northern Renaissance
• Wrote 37 plays, including Hamlet, Twelfth Night and the Tempest.
• Was a playwright, actor, translator (into the vernacular), critic, poet
Sir Thomas More
Reformation
• Essential Questions:– What caused the Reformation?– How did the Reformation act as a balance to the
Renaissance?– What governmental, economic, cultural and
religious repercussions developed from the Reformation?
Causes of the Reformation? Catholic Church corruption
o Pope’s need for money indulgences
o 1/3 of Europe church land
o Avignon Papacy
Development of personal devotions suspicion of clergy
Gutenberg Printing Press
Martin Luther(1483-1546)
• Grew up in present-day Germany
• Professor of Theology• Saw the indulgences
and other corrupt practices of the Catholic Church.
• One event sparked his role in the history of western theology.
Luther’s 95 Thesis
• Johann Tetzel’s Church in Wittenberg– In 1517, offers people indulgences for
contributions to the St. Peter Cathedral in Rome.– “These indulgences would assure salvation”
• Luther protests– Writes 95 reasons why indulgences are wrong
with Christianity and the Bible.
Church Response
• Pope Urban II asks Luther to apologize, or recant, for his statements.– (Luther says “no way”)
• Pope Excommunicates Luther from all Church influenced land and businesses.
• Diet of Worms– Luther asked to recant again, again refuses!!!
Edict of Worms
"For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work."[
Luther’s Beliefs
• Only God has control on who may enter heaven.• Only way to heaven is by Faith, not by
indulgences or other contributions.• Both men and women can receive religious
schooling.• Bible is the main source of leading a pious and
religious life.– Spread of books allows many people to read the
ideas of Luther, as well as the Bible.
The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press
The Spread of Lutheranism/ ProtestantismThe Spread of Lutheranism/ Protestantism
The Peasant Revolt - 1525The Peasant Revolt - 1525
• German peasants against their Catholic Nobles and the Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg
Counter-Reformation
• Catholic Church attacks Luther and other Protestants.– Huguenots – Anabaptists
• Attacks on Jews• AND…
Witch Hunts!!!
John Calvin
• Born in France during the Reformation
• Studied as a priest and lawyer, and favored the ideas of Luther.
• Published Institutes of the Christian Religion.
• Set up a theocracy in Geneva in 1541.
• Calvin believed in predestination
ReformationEurope(Late 16c)
ReformationEurope(Late 16c)
Reformation Art
• Albrecht Dürer• Most famous for his
woodcuts and engravings – Melancolia 1514
• How would his engravings influence the Reformation?
Protestant Work Ethic
• Working Class people• Since God predestines people, you work hard
to fit into the “cookie cutter” model of the perfect individual.– Characteristics: kind, generous, God-fearing and
hardworking
Council of Trent
• Catholic Church met from 1545-1563
• Set guidelines and stances – Original Sin– Bible Scripture– Eucharist and Baptism– Protestantism
• Same as today
King Henry VIII of England
England and King Henry VIII
• England was ruled by the Tudor government
• Henry VIII separated the Church of England from the Catholic Church– Was seeking an annulment: Pope said no– Main reason was to be able to divorce his wive(s).– Asked Parliament for legalization: “Act of
Supremacy”
• “The reformation was a rejection of the secular spirit of the renaissance” defend or refute this statement using specific examples from this time period.
• Why did the strictly theological ideas of Martin Luther trigger political, social, and religious reactions?