Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNIT 2 - ECOLOGY
• Balance in ecosystems
• Predation, symbiosis, and competition
• Population size and carrying capacity
• Invasive species
• Food webs and energy pyramids
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Human impact on the environment
• Ecological succession, climate change, and seasonal variation
• Abiotic factors in aquatic ecosystems impacting life
• Effect of resource use on the environment
• Importance of biodiversity
• Biomes
EQ: What is ecology? p 64-65
= Relationships or interactions and Interdependence
among living organisms
EQ: How are living organisms organized in the biosphere? Starting from:
atoms
molecules
cell parts
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms/individuals
population
community
ecosystems
biosphere
ECOLOGICAL METHODS (pp 68)
EQ: Describe the 3 Types of ecological methods.
1. Observation & Questioning
2. Experimentation - Used to test a hypothesis- to
have dependent and independent variables and
collect results
3.Modeling - Used to create a plan of the topic under
study it because it is not possible to study it in the
classroom
1. SYMBIOSIS *Mutualism 2+
*Commensalism 1+ ø *Parasitism 1+ 1-
2. COMPETITION
3. PREDATION
EQ:What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? p 73-75
EQ: What kind of relationships exist?
EQ: How are predators and prey populations related?
Food chain
= 1 link Food Web = food chains that
are interconnected/interacting
Chart Showing
Predator –Prey
Interactions
Types of
relationships pp 104
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS p 77-78
*There are 3 types: Pyramid of Energy; Pyramid of Mass; Pyramid of Numbers
Answer the following EQ’s:
How much Energy is transferred to the higher level? =10%, lowest energy is at top
How much energy is lost + in what form? = 90% lost as heat
What types of energy are found in pyramid?= Solar - Chemical - Heat
Why is the structure Pyramid-shaped?
Where are producers consumers & decomposers + what do they do?
Each energy level = Trophic level
What is the role of decomposers? = break down dead organisms - recycle nutrients
base
Chemical Energy
Factors affecting Populations of organisms pp.132
EQ: What are the ways population can be decreased?
EQ: What are the ways populations can be increased?
Population increases Population Decreases
Immigration=
Moving in
Emigration=
moving out
Death Rate
Birth Rate
EQ: Limiting Factors in Population Growth? p 137
Carry Capacity Can be Limited
by
Density dependent +
Density independent factors Competition
Density dependent
Predation
Density dependent
Parasitism +
Disease
Density dependent Natural disaster +
Weather
Density - independent
Chemical Sprays,
Density - independent or
dependent
EQ: GROWTH CURVES - 2 types?
Exponential - J shaped pp133 Logistic - S shaped pp134
*Conditions-No lack of resources , no predators *Conditions-Limited resources
No limit to growth & no competition *Organisms-Most organisms
*Organisms-fast growing organisms like bacteria,
*Slow growing organisms, like elephants.
*Organisms that are placed in a new environment
become limited.
Growth still occurs in Stage 1 & Stage 2
but it is slower
CP is reached when resources become limited
Ecology Vocabulary Words
1. biotic + abiotic p 66
2. producer + consumer p 69-78
3. autotrophs + heterotrophs p 69-70-71
4. herbivore + carnivore +omnivore
5. first level, second level, third level consumer p 77
6. food chain + food web p 73-74
7. decomposers + detritivores + scavenger p 74
8. phytoplankton + zooplankton p 75-76
9. trophic level + food pyramid p 77
10. photosynthesis + chemosynthesis p 70
Biogeochemical Cycles: WATER CYCLE? p 81
*All BGC transform the nutrients and matter into other
substances…the cycles do not use up matter
EQ: What processes return water to the atmosphere?
EQ: What processes increase water on the earth?
Biogeochemical Cycles: CARBON CYCLE p 83
EQ: What are the processes that recycles Carbon through the biosphere?
* Know processes that add + remove C from atmosphere
EQ: Global Warming - Cause , Effect & Measurement p 97 + 177
Cause-CO2 from Pollution. Effects: High Land and water Temperatures
Global Warming can be measured by measuring Land and Ocean temperatures
GLOBAL WARMING CAUSE
GLOBAL WARMING EFFECT
EQ: Effects of Increasing CO2 Levels? p 177 Scientists are noticing that when CO2 increases, global temperatures
are also increasing.…
….. Thus, CO2 is believed to be the cause of global warming
Biogeochemical Cycles: PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE? p 84
Biogeochemical Cycles: NITROGEN CYCLE? p 86
NUTRIENT LIMITATION /LIMITING NUTRIENT p 86
Nutrients = chemicals needed by plants and animals like nitrogen + phosphorous +
Potassium can be in short supply and limit productivity nutrient limitation
LAND - On the Land - Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium are the limiting nutrients.
p 86
WATER - In Fresh Water - Phosphorous is the limiting nutrient.
In Salt Water - Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient.
ALGAE BLOOM
If Nitrogen is normally a limiting factor and
there is a sudden excess of Nitrogen-in
aquatic areas from runoff from nearby
farms
First, algae begin to bloom…
Then, they die, then decay.
This uses the O2 in the water.
O2 then becomes limiting
Area becomes a dead zone as there is
no O2 for aquatic plants & animals
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION? p 106-107
EQ: Primary vs Secondary Succession? These differ in terms of
• Starting Point
• Time involved in recovery
• Biodiversity
• Kind of activity that results
in primary & secondary
EQ: Pioneer Species = the first species to inhabit the land
in primary succession for example mosses, lichens, grasses
EQ: Bare Rock is just particles with no nutrients vs Soil
with organic material
EQ: Types Of Pollution? Acid Rain p 164 Ozone Effect p 165
Cause: CO2, NO2, SO2 Cause: CFC’s
Effect: Erosion, Burning Effect: UV radiation-cancer
CO2 pp97
EQ: Aquatic Ecosystems: Freshwater vs Saltwater? p 117
Freshwater *Rivers & streams
*Wetlands - lands under water, nutrient rich, they purify water by filtering
nutrients. Ex: bogs, swamps, marshes
*Estuaries - A wetland where river or fresh water meets salt water/sea.
Photosynthesis is high, producers are abundant, sunlight is good, therefore
they are nursery ground for aquatic life ex. Everglades mangroves. There is a
lot of Biomass….pp119
*Phytoplanktons - are producers in water +produce oxygen
Ocean / Marine Ecosystems
p 120
*Different zones at different depths
*With depth-sunlight and nutrients
vary and therefore biotic factors
change accordingly.
EQ: Biodiversity: What is it and why is it important? p 166-172
Biodiversity can be Decreased by these Threats:
•Altered Habitats
•Hunting
•Pollution
• Introduction of New Exotic species…They new species have no predators when they are introduced, so they grow rapidly, this causes natural existing species to be crowded, destroyed or eaten therefore reducing biodiversity. p 168
Biodiversity can be Increased/Conserved by:
•Protecting Individual Species/Endangered Lists
•Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems
•Reforestation
•Ecological Hotspots
•Considering Local Interests.
EQ: Vocabulary Words:
1. Biological Magnification p 161
This is the increase in concentration of a
Toxic chemical , pollution that occurs in a
food chain as a consequence of persistence
(can't be broken down by an
environmental processes)
2. Sustainable Development (SD) p 157
is a pattern of growth where resources are used to meet human needs
while preserving or sustaining the environment. This allows us to meet
the need not only in the present, but also for future generations.
3. Desertification p 159
is the significant global problem of
drying of lands caused by a variety
of factors, such as climate change,
dryness & human activities.
4. Ecological Footprint p 173
The ecological footprint is a measure of
demand for natural resources that may
be compared with the land’s capacity to
regenerate resources.
5. Ecological Hot Spot p 171
These are areas of the world where
natural resources are threatened or
becoming extinct. Hotspots
are protected from Damage.
6. Deforestation
is Removal of Trees
EQ: Vocabulary Words: (cont.)
UNIT 2 VOCABULARY Topics: Ecology (approx. 50 words)
2.1- ecology, interdependence, biosphere, species, population,
community, ecosystem, biodiversity, competition, parasitism,
commensalism, mutualism, predation, invasive-species, biomass.
2.2 – biogeochemical cycle, nutrient, limiting nutrient, aquatic biome,
freshwater, marine, photic, aphotic, estuary, wetland,
ecological succession, primary succession, secondary succession,
pioneer species.
2.3 – growth curve, carrying capacity, immigration, emigration,
limiting factor, exponential growth, logistic growth, limiting factor,
density-dependent limiting factor, density-independent limiting factor.
2.4 – biological magnification, climate change, global warming,
greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, renewable resource,
nonrenewable resource, conservation, sustainability
Learning Objectives: Students will be able to…
2-1: Characterize ecosystems in terms of their biotic and abiotic factors.
(SC.912.L.17.5)
2-2: Describe the interrelationships of organisms at various levels of biological
organization. (SC.912.L.17.6)
2-3: Explain how interrelationships between organisms help maintain homeostasis
within an ecosystem. (SC.912.L.17.6)
2-4: Compare the nature of interactions between organisms, including predation,
competition, and symbiotic relationships. (SC.912.L.17.6)
2-5: Apply scientific knowledge and reasoning to form an argument about the
importance of conserving biodiversity. (SC.912.L.17.8, SC.912.N.4.1)
2-6: Predict and analyze changes in an ecosystem resulting from the introduction
of invasive species. (SC.912.L.17.8, SC.912.L.17.20)
2-7: Describe the impact of pollution in aquatic ecosystems on human health.
(SC.912.L.14.6)
2-8: Describe the changes in communities over time, including changes in biomass,
diversity, and complexity. (SC.912.L.17.4)
2-9: Use models to predict the effect of an ecological disturbance on communities
within an ecosystem. (SC.912.L.17.4, SC.912.N.3.5)
2-10: Describe interconnections between biotic +abiotic factors, e.g. normal cyclic
fluctuations and changes associated with climate change.
Learning Objectives: (cont.) Students will be able to…
2-11: Compare and contrast changes in communities resulting from long-term
changes and cyclical changes. (SC.912.L.17.4, SC.912.L.17.8)
2-12: Interpret data in charts and graphs. (SC.912.N.1.1)
2-13: Predict changes in population due to changes in biotic and abiotic factors.
(SC.912.L.17.5)
2-14: Justify explanations with evidence and reasoning. (SC.912.N.1.1)
2-15: Distinguish between the roles of consumers, producers, and decomposers in
an ecosystem. (SC.912.L.17.9)
2-16: Represent the relationships between consumers, producers, and decomposers
in food webs. (SC.912.L.17.9)
2-17: Describe the pathway of energy through trophic levels and explain the
reduction of available energy at each successive level. (SC.912.L.17.9)
2-18: Illustrate and analyze the biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, and
nitrogen through ecosystems. (SC.912.E.7.1, SC.912.L.17.10)
2-19: Explain the importance of biogeochemical cycles in the proper functioning of
an ecosystem. (SC.912.L.17.10)
2-20: Predict changes in the environment resulting from human-caused changes in
biogeochemical cycles. (SC.912.E.7.1, SC.912.L.17.8)
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 1
1. The Algae at the beginning of a food chain is
A. primary producers B. primary consumers C. herbivores D. omnivores
2. How do most primary producers make their own food?
A. by using light energy to make carbohydrates
B. by using chemical energy to make carbohydrates
C. by changing water into carbon dioxide
D. by breaking down remains to make carbon dioxide
3. Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live?
A. chemosynthetic bacteria B. algae C. trees D. photosynthetic bacteria
4. What animals eat both producers and consumers?
A. herbivores B. omnivores C. chemotrophs D. autotrophs
5.W hat is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web?
A. energy path B. food chain C. trophic level D. food pyramid
6. A bird stalks, kills, and eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which pair of ecological terms describes
the bird?
A. herbivore, decomposer B. producer, heterotrophy C. carnivore, consumer D. autotroph,
herbivore
7. A model of the interconnected complex feeding interactions in a community from producers to
decomposers is
A. food web B. Population C. Ecosystem D. food chain
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 2
8. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of
the remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is
A. used in reproduction. B. stored as body tissue. C. stored as fat. D. eliminated as heat.
9. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
A. because of the interactions that shape the ecosystem.
B. unless the species require different abiotic factors.
C. because of the competitive exclusion principle.
D. unless the species require different biotic factors.
10. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?
A. Primary succession is rapid and secondary succession is slow.
B. Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces.
C. Primary succession modifies the environment and secondary succession does not.
D. Secondary succession begins with lichens and primary succession begins with trees.
11. Which of the following is a factor that makes estuaries unique?
A. They contain a mixture of saltwater and freshwater.
B. They are very deep and dark with a lot of producers.
C. They are found in mountain ranges and are formed by melting snow.
D. They have a lot of biomass.
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 3
12. Which of the following is true about nonrenewable resources?
A. They can be replaced through sustainable development.
B. There are plenty for people to use for a very long time.
C. Using them up will help keep the environment healthy.
D. They cannot be replaced after they are used up.
13. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, overgrazing and forest fires all contribute to
A. climate change. B. population. C. sustainability. D. transpiration.
14. A major factor that negatively affects biodiversity is
A. sustainable development. B. habitat loss. C. contour plowing. D. nonrenewable resources.
15. The benefit to a society using renewable resources is
A. renewable resources can be replaced. B. renewable resources cannot be replaced.
C. non-renewable resources take more space. D. non-renewable resources can be
replaced.
16. If lake receives a large input of limiting nutrient, which of these would happen first?
A. an algal bloom occurs B. algae begin to die and decomposers take over
C. nitrogen compounds are recycled D. the concentration of oxygen drops below the
necessary level
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 4
17. During primary succession in an ecosystem, which organism are considered “pioneer species” for
the ecosystem?
A. lichens and moss B. trees and shrubs C. ferns and grasses D. volcanoes and soil
18. Which are two ways a population can decrease in size?
A. immigration and emigration B. increased death rate and immigration
C. decreased birthrate and emigration D. emigration and increased birthrate
19. Suppose that a species of toads is introduced into a new environment in an attempt to reduce the
population of insects.
The toad has natural predators in the new environment. The toad population would most likely
A. increase exponentially B. increase logistically
C. decrease rapidly and dies out D. remain the same
20. Water lilies, an aquatic plant, do not grow in dry desert sand because water availability to these
plants in a desert is
A. limiting factor B. the carrying capacity C. competition factor D. the logistic growth curve
21.What is the base of all ecological pyramids?
A. consumers B. producers C. decomposers D. detritivores
22. All of the following are threats to biodiversity EXCEPT
A. climate change B. building homes C. introduced species D. habitat protection
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 5
23. What would likely happen if the number of grasshoppers suddenly decreased in the food chain
shown: Grass--> grasshopper --> snake --> fox
A. the snake population would decrease B. the fox population would increase
C. the snake population would increase D. the amount of grass would decrease
24. Water is returned to the earth’s atmosphere by which water cycle processes?
A. evaporation and precipitation B. condensation and precipitation
C. transpiration and precipitation D. transpiration and evaporation
25. An endangered species is most vulnerable to extinction when it has which of the following
characteristics?
A. high birthrate B. large variety in its diet
C. small amount of competition D. small amount of genetic diversity
26. An invasive species of green algae has become established along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico.
Which of the following statements best explains why this species of algae has been so successful in
the gulf of Mexico?
A. It is not a good competitor. B. It is not eaten by many animals.
C. It reproduces slowly in warm waters. D. It requires more nutrients than most other algae.
27. Which substance is considered to be a factor affecting Earth’s ozone layer?
A. chlorofluorocarbons B. ethyl alcohol C. nitrogen gas D. Water vapor
28. In an ecosystem, which is the most likely reason for an increase in the producer population if there is
an increase in the carnivore population?
A. fewer herbivores B. higher temperatures C. less food D. more oxygen
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 6
29. A researcher sprays a new pesticide on thousands of insects of the same species that live in a large
field. A few of the insects survive. What can be concluded by the researcher?
A. The species of insects will likely become resistant to the pesticide.
B. The ideal interval between the first and second applications of the pesticide should be increased.
C. The pesticide has no effect on the species.
D .The concentration of the pesticide was too weak.
30. Which sequence shows increasing ecological levels of organization?
A .organism, population, community, ecosystem
B. ecosystem, population, organism, community
C .community, ecosystem, population, organism
D population, organism, ecosystem, community
31. A plant species lives in an area with limited sunlight. Which physical adaptation would be most
useful to the plant?
A. colorful flowers B. large leaves C. deep roots D. waxy cuticle
32. Which situation would result in the greatest increase in the human population?
A . decreased birth rate and increased death rate
B. increased infant mortality and decreased death rate
C. decreased death rate and increased birth rate
D. increased birth rate and increased infant mortality
33. In a forest ecosystem, which is an abiotic factor?
A. the amount of rainfall B. the size of the deer C. the type of trees D. the number of
birds
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 7
34. Silt and nutrients from eroding farmland flow into a lake. As a result, which will most likely
increase first?
A. fish population B. shore vegetation C. algae growth D. dissolved oxygen
35. In the carbon cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted into organic material by which
process?
A .cellular respiration B. decomposition C . photosynthesis D. transpiration
36. Recent climate data suggests global warming trend.. The most likely cause could be an increase in
gas?
A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. nitrogen D. hydrogen sulfide
37. The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and
their environment is
A. economy B. modeling C. recycling D. ecology
38. All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an)
A. biome B. population C. community D. ecosystem
39. The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because
A. energy flows in one direction and nutrients recycle.
B. energy is limited in the biosphere and nutrients are always available.
C. nutrients flow in one direction and energy recycles.
D. energy forms chemical compounds and nutrients are lost as heat
40. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?
A. Carbohydrates B. sunlight C. water D. Carbon
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 8
41. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called
a(an)
A. heterotroph. B. consumer. C. detritivore. D. autotroph
42. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are
called
A. decomposers. B. omnivores. C. autotrophs. D. producers
43. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT
A. photosynthesis. B. transpiration.
C. burning of fossil fuels. D. decomposition of plants and animals
44. The greenhouse effect is
A. the result of an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
B. a natural phenomenon that maintains Earth’s temperature range.
C. the result of the differences in the angle of the sun’s rays.
D. an unnatural phenomenon that causes heat energy to be radiated back into the atmosphere
45. Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?
A. average temperature of the ecosystem
B. type of soil in the ecosystem
C. number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem
D. concentration of oxygen in the ecosystem
46. One of the main characteristics of a population is its
A. change over time. B. geographic distribution. C. dynamics. D. habitat
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 9
47. As resources in a population become less available, population growth
A. declines rapidly B. increases slowly
C. reaches carrying capacity D. enters a phase of exponential growth
48. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the
A. death rate may rise B. birthrate may rise C. death rate must fall D. birthrate must fall.
49. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?
A. Communities make up species, which make up populations.
B. Populations make up species, which make up communities.
C. Species make up communities, which make up populations.
D. Species make up populations, which make up communities
50. In a logistic growth curve, exponential growth is the phase in which the population
A. reaches carrying capacity. B. grows quickly and few animals are dying.
C. growth begins to slow down D. growth stops
51. A biotic or an abiotic resource in the environment that causes population size to decrease is a
A. carrying capacity. B. limiting nutrient. C. limiting factor. D. growth factor.
52. All of the following are limiting factors EXCEPT
A. immigration. B. competition. C. predation. D. human disturbances.
53. Each of the following is a density-dependent limiting factor EXCEPT
A. competition. B. predation. C. crowding. D. disease.
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 10
54. Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor?
A. earthquake B. disease C. emigration D. Parasitism
56. In a terrestrial ecosystem, the trophic level that would contain the largest biomass would be the
A. producers. B. primary consumers. C. secondary consumers. D. highest order
consumers
56. The sequence of energy flow through a food chain is
A. primary consumers - producers - higher order consumers.
B. producers - higher order consumers - primary consumers.
C. higher order consumers - primary consumers - producers.
D. producers - primary consumers - higher order consumers.
E. primary consumers - higher order consumers - producers.
57. In the past decade, which of the following has NOT been a major cause of the increase in the
world's population?
A. longer life span B. lower infant mortality
C. increase in birth rate D. improved sanitation
E. preventative medicine
58. A population's growth rate rapidly slows as
A. changes in the environment take place. B. the seasons change.
C. evolution stops D. new diseases cause their numbers to stabilize.
E. the carrying capacity of their environment is approached.
59. According to this simplified water cycle, the process of transpiration is the process that
A. causes photosynthesis in plants B. increases the rate of the water cycle
C. releases water vapor from plants D. speeds the evaporation of water
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 11
60. New fuels are being produced by converting corn and grasses into compounds containing alcohols
that can be broken down for energy in various engines. The purpose of this research is to
A. reduce the use of nonrenewable resources.
B. increase the rate of air pollution.
C. reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms.
D. cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests
61. Which disease most likely occurs after excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation? p 163
A. malaria B. asthma C. skin cancer D. polio
62. The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called
A. population growth. B. ecological succession. C. climax community. D. climate change
63. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?
A. Primary succession is slow and secondary succession is rapid.
B. Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces.
C. Primary succession modifies the environment and secondary succession does not.
D. Secondary succession begins with lichens and primary succession begins with trees
64. The presence of wastes, such as plastic bags and motor oil, in lakes and streams miles away from
developed areas suggests that
A. ecosystems are interconnected and human action can alter ecosystem equilibrium.
B. recycling programs have failed to conserve biotic resources.
C. natural processes can alter ecosystem stability.
D. direct harvesting practices have led to irreversible destruction of ecosystems
ECO Practice Unit 2 - p 12
65. DDT and other pesticides used over 50 years ago are still affecting the environment today.
Scientists have found these substances in recent glacier runoff. Glacier runoff occurs during the
summer, when precipitation that has fallen on glaciers during the winter is released. Ice layers
from existing glaciers have been analyzed. The results of this analysis show that the
concentrations of DDT and other pesticides were highest about 10 years after the use of these
substances was banned. This information shows that
A. DDT and other pesticides cause glacier runoff during the summer.
B. it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a glacier.
C. precipitation helps to break down pesticides.
D. the decision of one human generation may have an impact on future generations
