Unit 2 LanguageUnit 2 Language

Clauses and Sentence StructureClauses and Sentence Structure

What is a Clause?What is a Clause? A A clauseclause is a group of words that contains a is a group of words that contains a

subject and a verb. subject and a verb. An An independent clauseindependent clause expresses a complete expresses a complete

thought and can stand alone as a sentence.thought and can stand alone as a sentence.Example: Example: KateKate notednoted the day’s events in her the day’s events in her

journal.journal.

Clauses ContinuedClauses Continued A A dependent clausedependent clause does not express a does not express a

complete thought and cannot stand alone as a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.sentence.

*** Most dependent clauses are introduced by *** Most dependent clauses are introduced by words like although, before, because, so that, words like although, before, because, so that, when, while, so, and that. when, while, so, and that.

Example: before she went to bedExample: before she went to bedso she wouldn’t forgetso she wouldn’t forget

ClausesClauses A dependent clause can be joined to an A dependent clause can be joined to an

independent clause to add to the complete independent clause to add to the complete thought that the independent clause expresses.thought that the independent clause expresses.

Dependent clauses a.k.a subordinate clauses. Dependent clauses a.k.a subordinate clauses. Example: Example: Kate noted the day’s events in her Kate noted the day’s events in her

journaljournal before she went to bed.before she went to bed.Some writers keep journalsSome writers keep journals so that they can so that they can

remember details about events.remember details about events.

Practice- Identify each underlined group of Practice- Identify each underlined group of words and independent or dependent. Write words and independent or dependent. Write

the sentences in your notebook.the sentences in your notebook.1.1. Thirteen-year-old Kate is devoted to her horse Thirteen-year-old Kate is devoted to her horse

Scarlet.Scarlet.2.2. They won their first competition together They won their first competition together when when

Kate was only nine years old.Kate was only nine years old.3.3. While her brothers sleepWhile her brothers sleep, Kate slips out to the , Kate slips out to the

stable.stable.4.4. After feeding Scarlet, After feeding Scarlet, Kate brushes her coat and Kate brushes her coat and

mane.mane.5.5. She does thisShe does this so that Scarlet’s coat stays shiny. so that Scarlet’s coat stays shiny.

Simple and Compound SentencesSimple and Compound Sentences A simple sentence contains one independent A simple sentence contains one independent

clause and no dependent clauses. Remember clause and no dependent clauses. Remember that even a simple sentence can include many that even a simple sentence can include many details. details.

Example: Malika sings.Example: Malika sings.Ben competes at chess every day after school.Ben competes at chess every day after school.

Simple and Compound SentencesSimple and Compound Sentences A compound sentence contains two or more A compound sentence contains two or more

independent clauses and no dependent clauses. independent clauses and no dependent clauses. The clauses in a compound sentence must be The clauses in a compound sentence must be closely related.closely related.

Examples: Malika sings every dayExamples: Malika sings every day, and, and she she practices with the choir.practices with the choir.

Don't mistake a simple sentence with a “compound Don't mistake a simple sentence with a “compound verb” for a compound sentence. No punctuation verb” for a compound sentence. No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate. should separate the parts of a compound predicate.

Simple and Compound SentencesSimple and Compound Sentences Independent clauses can be joined by a comma Independent clauses can be joined by a comma

and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon.and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon.Examples: The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday, Examples: The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday,

and the director praised their hard work.and the director praised their hard work.The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday; the director The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday; the director

praised their hard work.praised their hard work.Coordinating conjunctions: for and nor or but so yetCoordinating conjunctions: for and nor or but so yet

Practice- Write the sentences and Practice- Write the sentences and identify as simple or compound.identify as simple or compound.

1. Eighth-grader Max Marciano is working hard on his 1. Eighth-grader Max Marciano is working hard on his first mystery novel. first mystery novel.

2. Max loves mysteries, and he has read every story 2. Max loves mysteries, and he has read every story about the detective Sherlock Holmes.about the detective Sherlock Holmes.

3. Max's older brother Tony and two friends are also 3. Max's older brother Tony and two friends are also fans of the famous detective.fans of the famous detective.

4.Tony encourages Max with his novel.4.Tony encourages Max with his novel.5. Max writes a full page of text on most mornings, but 5. Max writes a full page of text on most mornings, but

sometimes he isn't inspired.sometimes he isn't inspired.

Practice – Combine the two sentences to make aPractice – Combine the two sentences to make a compound sentence. Remember to use a comma compound sentence. Remember to use a comma

plus a coordinating conjunction.plus a coordinating conjunction. 1. A typical day in physical therapy always 1. A typical day in physical therapy always

includes swimming. It also can include bike includes swimming. It also can include bike riding.riding.

2. Marisha works hard on her school work. She 2. Marisha works hard on her school work. She still has time for fun.still has time for fun.

3. Together they work on exercises like sit-ups 3. Together they work on exercises like sit-ups and leg lifts. They talk about Marisha's and leg lifts. They talk about Marisha's progress. progress.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence contains one independent contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Examples: Mr. Hernandez, Examples: Mr. Hernandez, who is a who is a professional storytellerprofessional storyteller, performs at many , performs at many different festivals.different festivals.When Mr. Hernandez performsWhen Mr. Hernandez performs, he enchants the , he enchants the

audience.audience.Young people love the way he tells stories, Young people love the way he tells stories, because because

he changes his voice and wears costumes. he changes his voice and wears costumes.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

Most dependent clauses are introduced by a Most dependent clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction. A subordinating subordinating conjunction. A subordinating conjunction relates the dependent clause to the conjunction relates the dependent clause to the independent clause.independent clause.

Commonly used examples:Commonly used examples:After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as

though, because, before, even though, if, since, though, because, before, even though, if, since, so, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, so, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whilewhere, wherever, while

PracticePractice

Come up with three of your own complex Come up with three of your own complex sentences and write them in your notes.sentences and write them in your notes.

We will write some on the board.We will write some on the board.

Kinds of Dependent ClausesKinds of Dependent Clauses

Adjective clausesAdjective clauses = a dependent clause used as = a dependent clause used as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun. an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun.

Example: Devon Kim is a climber Example: Devon Kim is a climber who likes who likes challengeschallenges..

Adjective clausesAdjective clauses are usually introduced by are usually introduced by relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, that, which, what.that, which, what.

Example: His hardest climb, Example: His hardest climb, which took him which took him three daysthree days, was Mount Whitney. , was Mount Whitney.

Kinds of Dependent ClausesKinds of Dependent Clauses

Adverb clausesAdverb clauses = a dependent clause used as an = a dependent clause used as an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause might tell where, adverb. An adverb clause might tell where, when, how, why, to what extent, or under what when, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. conditions.

Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as if, because, before, than, conjunctions such as if, because, before, than, as, even though, than, so that, while, where, as, even though, than, so that, while, where, when, as if, and since. when, as if, and since.

ExamplesExamples

Modifies a verb: They checked their gear Modifies a verb: They checked their gear before before they started the climbthey started the climb. .

Modifies an adjective: They were cautious Modifies an adjective: They were cautious because ice made trails slipperybecause ice made trails slippery. .

Modifies an adverb: Devon worries about the Modifies an adverb: Devon worries about the weather more weather more than Andy doesthan Andy does. .

*** If an adverb clause comes before the *** If an adverb clause comes before the independent clause, it should be followed by a independent clause, it should be followed by a comma.comma.

Kinds of Dependent ClausesKinds of Dependent Clauses

Noun clausesNoun clauses = a dependent clause used as a = a dependent clause used as a noun. It can serve as a subject, a direct object, noun. It can serve as a subject, a direct object, and indirect object, an object of the and indirect object, an object of the preposition, or a predicate noun.preposition, or a predicate noun.

Example as a subject:Example as a subject:That the dedicated actor practice her role every dayThat the dedicated actor practice her role every day

surprised no one. surprised no one. Example as a direct object: Example as a direct object: The director determined The director determined who would design the setwho would design the set. .

Noun clausesNoun clausesNoun clause as an indirect objectNoun clause as an indirect objectThe set designer gave The set designer gave whoever helpedwhoever helped a bonus. a bonus.Noun clause as a predicate nounNoun clause as a predicate nounA love of theater is A love of theater is what motivates herwhat motivates her..Noun clause as an object of the prepositionNoun clause as an object of the prepositionShe gets great satisfaction in She gets great satisfaction in whatever they performwhatever they perform..Words that introduce noun clauses: that, how, when, where, Words that introduce noun clauses: that, how, when, where,

whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whicheverwhomever, which, whichever

***If you can substitute the word something or someone for ***If you can substitute the word something or someone for a clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause.a clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause.

Compound Complex SentencesCompound Complex Sentences

A compound-complex sentence contains two or A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.dependent clauses.

Ex: Ex: While she was fishingWhile she was fishing, Amy saw many deer, , Amy saw many deer, and she tried not to disturb them.and she tried not to disturb them.

Ex: Amy unhooked the salmon from the line, Ex: Amy unhooked the salmon from the line, and she threw it back into the stream and she threw it back into the stream so that it so that it could live.could live.

Practice and Apply: Practice and Apply: Now, let’s take out our Now, let’s take out our

workbooks and do some workbooks and do some popcorn practice!popcorn practice!

Find Unit 8 in your Find Unit 8 in your workbook.workbook.