Unit 2: The Cell - hunnicuttscience.com€¦ · Web viewUnit 5: Heredity. Unit 5 will be about genetics, chromosomes, mutations and genetic engineering. This Unit will probably

Unit 5: Heredity

Unit 5: Heredity

Unit 5 will be about genetics, chromosomes, mutations and genetic engineering. This Unit will probably take about 6 weeks, so we will finish up Unit 5 when we get back from Christmas break.

Lesson 1: DNA, Genes, and ChromosomesLesson 2: Sexual Reproduction (genetic transfer)Lesson 3: Mendelian Genetics (Punnett Squares, Dominance and Recessive)Lesson 4: Probabilities of Phenotypes and GenotypesLesson 5: Genetic MutationsLesson 6: Biotechnology

1

Unit 5: HereditySouth Carolina State Standards for Unit 5

Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information.

7.L.4A. Conceptual Understanding: Inheritance is the key process causing similarities between parental organisms and their offspring. Organisms that reproduce sexually transfer genetic information (DNA) to their offspring. This transfer of genetic information through inheritance leads to greater similarity among individuals within a population than between populations. Technology allows humans to influence the transfer of genetic information. Performance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:

7.L.4A.1 Obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.

7.L.4A.2 Construct explanations for how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring in organisms that reproduce sexually.

7.L.4A.3 Develop and use models (Punnett squares) to describe and predict patterns of the inheritance of single genetic traits from parent to offspring (including dominant and recessive traits, incomplete dominance, and codominance).

7.L.4A.4 Use mathematical and computational thinking to predict the probability of phenotypes and genotypes based on patterns of inheritance.

7.L.4A.5 Construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims for how changes in genes (mutations) may have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on organisms.

7.L.4A.6 Construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the use of technology (such as selective breeding, genetic engineering, or biomedical research) in influencing the transfer of genetic information.

Learning Objectives for Unit 5 It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship

between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.

It is essential that students construct explanations for how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring in organisms that reproduce sexually.

It is essential that students develop and use models (Punnett squares) to describe and predict patterns of the inheritance of single genetic traits from parent to offspring (including dominant and recessive traits, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance).

It is essential that students be able to use mathematical and computational thinking to determine a ratio of phenotypes and genotypes based on the results of a Punnett square (monohybrid cross).

It is essential that students construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims for how changes in genes (mutations) may have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on organisms.

It is essential that students construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the use of technology (such as selective breeding, genetic engineering, or biomedical research) in influencing the transfer of genetic information.

Unit 5 Lesson 1: DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes2

Unit 5: Heredity

Lesson 1 Standards and Objectives 7.L.4A.1 Obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and

chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics. It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship


Lesson 1 Bell Work 1) What is DNA?

2) What are genes?

3) What are chromosomes?

Genes Genes are located on ________________ in the cell’s

_______________.

Chromosomes are long threads of ____________________ tightly coiled.

Each organism must ___________________________ a

_____________________ copy of every gene from both of

its __________________________.

What is a Gene? A gene is a section of ______________________ in a specific region of a specific

chromosome.

Genes code for specific _______________________ to be produced

characteristics in living things.

There are ________________________ and ________________________ forms of a gene.

Each chromosome consists of hundreds of __________________________ determining the many proteins for an individual organism.

Genome A __________________________ is the full set of genetic information for an organism.

The ________________________ of any genome starts with chromosomes.

3

Unit 5: HeredityKaryotype

The picture to the left shows all the chromosomes in a

human.

It is called a _________________________________.

There are 3 things a Karyotype shows

o ________________________________________

o ________________________________________

o ________________________________________

Review Questions1) What is a Gene?

2) Where do you find genes?


Lesson 1 Part 2: DNA History and Structure

Bell Work1. What is the function of a karyotype?

2. What is a Genome?

3. Where are genes located?

History: Griffith & Transformation◦ 1928, ________________________________◦ Did experiment to find out why some bacteria caused ____________________________.

◦ Discovered ___________________________________.

History: Avery & DNA◦ 1944, _______________________________________________________

◦ Repeated Griffith’s work in order to determine which molecule in the bacteria caused it to be

transformed.

4

Unit 5: Heredity◦ Discovered that _________________________ was the nucleic acid that stored and

transmitted genetic material.

History: The Hershey-Chase Experiment◦ 1952, ____________________ and _________________________◦ Studied viruses and discovered ____________________________.

History: Franklin◦ Early 1950s ______________________________ used X-Ray diffraction to get information

about the structure of DNA.

◦ Suggested that DNA is ___________________________ in some type of way.

History: Watson and Crick◦ ____________________________ and _______________________ built 3-D models of DNA

to help understand its structure.

◦ Discovered that DNA was a _______________________________.

What is DNA◦ DNA: _____________________________________________________◦ A long molecule made up of units called ________________________________.

The Structure of DNA3 Parts of a Nucleotide

◦ _____________________________ ◦ _____________________________

◦ _____________________________ ◦ Adenine (purines)

◦ Guanine (purines)

◦ Thymine (pyrimidines)

◦ Cytosine (pyrimidines)5

Unit 5: Heredity◦ The backbone of a DNA chain is formed by ___________________ and

_____________________

◦ The ___________________________________ stick out sideways from the chains like the rungs

on a ladder & can be joined together in any way.

DNA PurposeHas to be responsible for three things:

1) ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) ___________________________________________________________________________

Review Questions1. What are the three parts of DNA?

2. What does DNA stand for?

3. Who are the people who discovered DNA?

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Unit 5: HeredityName: __________________________________________________ Due Monday 1/14/2018Week: 1/7/2019-1/11/2019

Weekly Schedule Monday: Lesson 2 Developing Goals Tuesday: Review Lesson 1 Wednesday: Creating Goals for the new Year Thursday: Bill Nye: Genes Friday: Quiz and then Mystery Friday

Monday: Unit 5 Lesson 2: Developing Goals

SC State Standards:No Standards

Student objectives1. Explain the process of goal setting.2. Describe the terms and types of goals.3. Explain seven aspects of effective goals.

Bell Work1) What are the 3 primary functions of DNA?

2) What are the three parts of DNA?

3) Who are the people that discovered DNA?

Goal Setting: Explain the process of goal setting. A ______________________________ is something a person wants to achieve. When people

describe what they want to accomplish in life, they are setting or developing goals.

Developing goals involves two important steps.

o _______________________________ involves developing a list of the things to

accomplish in life.

o _______________________________ are the strategies for achieving goals. A goal is

of little value if it doesn’t have a strategy for being achieved.

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Unit 5: HeredityTypes of Goals Goals can cover varying periods of time. Some can be attained fairly soon while others will take longer to achieve. They can also be divided into different areas of life in which they are important.

o Goal term or length goals can be differentiated by the amount of time and number of steps it takes to achieve them.1. A ______________________________ can be achieved within a year in just a few

steps.

2. An _____________________ can be achieved in one to five years. Intermediate goals

can involve achieving short-term goals along the way.

3. A ______________________ will take five or more years to achieve and usually

involves many steps. Long-term goals usually include short-term and intermediate goals

along the way.

Goals can apply to different areas of life. They are based on what individuals judge as important in these areas of their lives.

1. ____________________________ are those that represent self-improvement. Personal

goals can relate to things like learning or physical fitness

2. ____________________________ are those that represent success in a job or group

activity. Examples of professional goals include becoming a manager or being elected

the chair of a committee.

3. ____________________________ are those that represent improved relations with

other people. Such goals might include getting along better with family or friends.

Seven Aspects of Goals III. When setting goals, individuals need to consider seven aspects that relate to effective goals.

A. _____________________ —the goals being set should be clear and easy to picture. If a

person cannot imagine achieving the goal, it lacks clarity.

B. _____________________ —the belief that the goal will have a desired outcome. The outcome

should be one that is important and represents an improvement over the current situation.

C. _____________________ —a goal should require the individual to strive to achieve it. The

challenge of a goal needs to be high but obtainable. When challenging goals are achieved, a

sense of accomplishment is realized.

D. _____________________ —placing values on which goal is most important, second most

important, and so on. Prioritizing allows individuals to consider the relevant importance of

activities.

E. _____________________ —as people and conditions change, so must goals. Having flexible

goals allows people to cope with the changes that are constantly occurring around them. 8

Unit 5: HeredityF. _____________________ —there should be no doubt as to whether or not the goal has been

met. The goal should be specific in what it is going to achieve.

G. _____________________ —plans for achieving goals. Deadline dates may be included to

insure that progress is being made.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Question1) How are goals set?

2) What are the different types and terms of goals?

3) What are the aspects of good goals?

TuesdayUnit 5 Lesson 1: DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes

Lesson 1 Standards and Objectives 7.L.4A.1 Obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and

chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics. It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship


Lesson 1 Bell Work 4) What is DNA?

9

Unit 5: Heredity5) What are genes?


Genes Genes are located on ________________ in the cell’s

_______________.

Chromosomes are long threads of ____________________ tightly coiled.

Each organism must ___________________________ a

_____________________ copy of every gene from both of

its __________________________.

What is a Gene? A gene is a section of ______________________ in a specific region of a specific

chromosome.

Genes code for specific _______________________ to be produced

characteristics in living things.

There are ________________________ and ________________________ forms of a gene.

Each chromosome consists of hundreds of __________________________ determining the many proteins for an individual organism.

Karyotype The picture to the left shows all the chromosomes in a

human.

It is called a _________________________________.

There are 3 things a Karyotype shows

o ________________________________________

o ________________________________________

o ________________________________________

What is DNA◦ DNA: _____________________________________________________

◦ A long molecule made up of units called ________________________________.

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Unit 5: Heredity

The Structure of DNA3 Parts of a Nucleotide

◦ _____________________________ ◦ _____________________________

◦ _____________________________ ◦ Adenine (purines)

◦ Guanine (purines)

◦ Thymine (pyrimidines)

◦ Cytosine (pyrimidines)


4) ___________________________________________________________________________ 5) ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) ___________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary:1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

11

Unit 5: HeredityReview Questions

1) What is a Gene?

2) Where do you find genes?


4. What are the three parts of DNA?

Wednesday

Bell Work:1) What are goals?

2) What are the three parts of DNA?

3) Where is DNA found in the cell?

Activity: Think-Pair-Share Think

o Take 10 minutes and think about what a goal is. o Thank about creating a goalo Make 3 goals for the rest of this class. o should be a personal goalo should be academic goals

Pairo Pair up and talk about your goals. o As a pair create a set of goals for this class for the rest of the school yearo Talk about how you will achieve these goals. o Make a list of 3 ways for achieving the goals.

Shareo On Tuesday you will share with the group your goals. o We will make a poster with the goals of each groupo You will sign the posters. o I will post the poster in the class for all to see.

12

Unit 5: Heredity

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

Review Questions1) What type of goals did you make?

2) Why are having goals important?

3) What organelle contains DNA?

Thursday: TechnologySC Standards and Objectives

◦ Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information.

◦ 7.L.4A. Conceptual Understanding: Inheritance is the key process causing similarities between parental organisms and their offspring. Organisms that reproduce sexually transfer genetic information (DNA) to their offspring. This transfer of genetic information through inheritance leads to greater similarity among individuals within a population than between populations. Technology allows humans to influence the transfer of genetic information. Performance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:

◦ 7.L.4A.1 Obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.

◦ It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.

◦ 7.L.4A.2 Construct explanations for how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring in organisms that reproduce sexually.

◦ It is essential that students construct explanations for how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Bell Work1) What are genes?

2) Where are genes located?

13

Unit 5: Heredity3) How are genes important?

Bill Nye: Genes1. Where do your genes come from?

2. What is inside every cell in your body?

3. What does DNA stand for?

4. What did Bill climb to get out of the Nye Lab?

5. How long is the DNA string model of science?

6. How many times longer is DNA than it is wide?

7. How does Bill define a Gene?

8. Why is the white blood cell dark on the computer screen?

9. What does the nucleus of the cell contain?

10. What can you do with DNA after you take it out of an organism? a. b.

11. What 2 organisms were combined to create the message to Bill in the petri dish?

12. What do genes do?

13. Mom tells Richie: Genes are the set of __________________ _______________ that get passed down from _____________to child. In the process, of course, the genetic material is ____________________ in new ways, which is why people bear resemblance to their _____________ and __________________without looking like any one relative in particular.

14. What analogy does Bill use to describe the human set of chromosomes?

15. What is each chapter analogous to?

16. How many genes to humans have?

17. What do cells in the body not need to do? _________________________

18. Most species have fewer than _________chromosomes but thousands and thousands of genes

19. Bill calls the babies “bundles of ________________________________”

20. The reproductive cell that a mother donates to her child is called the ____ 21. The reproductive cell that a father donates to his child is called the ______

14

Unit 5: Heredity

22. The number of cells needed to make a baby is: ______________________

23. DNA is the ___________ print for the future

24. Earlobes can be ______________or ____________________

25. A __________is a piece of the ___________ molecule

26. The four chemicals of DNA are a. b. c. d.

27. The number of chromosomes that a mule foal has is ______ 28. The number of chromosomes that a horse has is ______ 29. The number of chromosomes that a donkey has is ______

30. In the demonstration, the ______________ gene for rolling your tongue is represented by the letter “R” 31. In the demonstration, the ______________ gene for rolling your tongue is represented by the letter “r” 32. If a person has the pattern RR, then the person ________ roll their tongue 33. If a person has the pattern Rr, then the person ________ roll their tongue 34. If a person has the pattern rr, then the person ________ roll their tongue 35. What is special about the turtle in this movie?

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions:1) What did you learn from the video?

Homework:Do the Quizizz

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Unit 5: Heredity

Friday

SC Standards and Objectives◦ Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is

transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information.


◦ 7.L.4A.1 Obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.

◦ It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.



Bell Work:Review for the Quiz.

Quiz: Will be on Mastery Connect

Review Questions1) What did you learn from the lab?

2) What was your favorite thing about the lab?

Name: ____________________________________________ Due: Tuesday 1/22/2019

Weekly ScheduleMonday: Unit 5 Lesson 3: Chromosomes (Finish Lab from Friday)Tuesday: Unit 5 Lesson 4: Mendelian Genetics Part 1 (Finish Lab from Friday)

Lab and Packet will be due Tuesday by the end of the day. Wednesday: Mendelian Genetics WorksheetThursday: Research Friday: Monster Genetics

Monday --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit 5 Lesson 3: Chromosomes

16

Unit 5: Heredity

SC Standards and Objectives◦ Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is





Monday’s Bell Work1) Draw a nucleotide and label the three parts.

2) What are the three responsibilities of DNA?

Chromosomes There are two types of chromosomes:

____________________________ and sex ____________________________ Sex Chromosomes:

More than ___________ genes are on the human ______ chromosome. The human _____ chromosome contains only about ______________ genes.

Autosomal Chromosomes◦ The other __________ pairs of __________________ chromosomes are called

_____________________________ or _____________________________. ◦ Humans have __________ chromosomes

◦ _________ from the male parent ◦ _________ from the female parent

◦ Each set of chromosomes is ____________________________

17

Unit 5: Heredity- Each of the 23 chromosomes from the

________________ parent will “__________________” with each of the 23

chromosomes from the ___________________ parent.

How many chromosomes do organisms have?

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination◦ In __________________________ gender is

determined by the ______________

chromosomes.

◦ The ________ pair.

◦ __________ of sperm cells carry X, _________ carry Y.

◦ ____________ of egg cells carry _______.

◦ ________ = ___________ and __________= _________________.

◦ Which parent determines the gender of the baby?

Cells can either have a full set of chromosomes (_________) or half a set of chromosomes

(___________). The __________ number is always an even number.

Diploid Cells Haploid Cells

Represented by “N”.

Cells that have both sets of homologous chromosomes.

In humans, the haploid number is 23.N = 23

Found in body cells, called somatic cells.

Finish labWhen we are finished with notes we will work on the lab from Friday

Vocabulary1)

2)

Is there any correlation between an organism’s size and its number of chromosomes? _______

Do animals have more chromosomes than plants? ___________

18

Organism Body Cell (2n)

Sex Cells (n)

Fruit fly 8 4Garden pea 14 7Corn 20 10Tomato 24 12Leopard Frog 26 13Apple 34 17Human 46 23Chimpanzee 48 24Dog 78 39Adder’s tongue fern

1260 630

Unit 5: Heredity3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1) What are the two types of chromosomes?

2) Which chromosome do you get from your mom and which ones can you get from your dad?

Tuesday --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit 5: Mendelian Genetics Part 1

SC StandardsStandard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information.



19

Unit 5: Heredity 7.L.4A.4 Use mathematical and computational thinking to predict the probability of phenotypes

and genotypes based on patterns of inheritance. It is essential that students develop and use models (Punnett squares) to describe and predict

patterns of the inheritance of single genetic traits from parent to offspring (including dominant and recessive traits, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance).


Bell Work1. What are genes?

2. Where are genes located?

3. What are the three things that DNA must accomplish?

Genetics• Heredity deals with _____________________ and __________________________.

• _____________________________________________________________________ . • _____________________________________________________________________ .

• Genetics is the scientific study of ________________________.

• _____________________________________________________________________ . • ______________________ are distinguishing characteristics that make each organism

a little different.

• We study heredity through the field of ______________________.

Gregor Mendel’s PeasThe Father of Genetics is _____________________________________

• Austrian _______________• Born 1822

• In charge of the ____________________________ garden.

• Worked with garden peas.

• Knew nothing about genetics yet correctly ______________________ the results of meiosis.

3 Key Choices1. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________

20

Unit 5: Heredity3. ___________________________________________________________________________

Gregor Mendel’s Peas• Pea plants ______________________________________.

• Pea plants can either ______________________ (2 parents) or

________________________ (1 parent).

• Had ___________________________ peas, if allowed to self-pollinate, then

they would produce identical peas.

• ________________________________________________________ ________

• ________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________ • _____________________________________________________________________

Mendel Cross Pollinated

Traits StudiedMendel studied _________ traits in his pea plants:

1. Seed Shape (round or wrinkled)2. Seed Color (yellow or green)3. Seed Coat Color (gray or white)4. Pod Shape (smooth or constricted)5. Pod Color (green or yellow)6. Flower Position (axial or terminal)7. Plant Height (tall or short)

Crosses

• Mendel _____________________ (mated) peas with different traits to

see what would the offspring would look like.

• The original pair is called the ________________ (parental

generation).

• Their offspring is called the _____________________ (first filial

generation).21

Unit 5: Heredity• When Mendel crossed parents of different traits, their F1 generation was considered a

______________________.

• Mendel noticed that the _______________________ looked like only ________ of the parents

and _____________ a combination of both of them.

• Why? _________________________________________________________________ • What happened in the _________________?

• Why? _________________________________________________________________• What did all this tell Mendel?

Mendel drew three conclusions about heredity through his experiments:1. ___________________________________________________________________________ . 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ . 3. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ .

Chromosomes Revisited• Within a __________________, ___________ is found.

• On that ___________, there are ________________

genes.

• Each chromosome has ____________________ genes that

are found only on that ______________________.

• Since you have __________________ sets of

chromosomes, ________________ set of those genes

came from your ____________________, while the other

set came from your _____________________.

• The _______________________ of those genes

________________________ what the organism looks like.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

22

Unit 5: Heredity

Review Question1. Who is Gregor Mendel?

2. Why is Gregor Mendel famous?

3. What were Mendel’s 3 conclusions?

Wednesday----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SC StandardsStandard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information. 7.L.4A. Conceptual Understanding: Inheritance is the key process causing similarities between parental organisms and their offspring. Organisms that reproduce sexually transfer genetic information (DNA) to their offspring. This transfer of genetic information through inheritance leads to greater similarity among individuals within a population than between populations. Technology allows humans to influence the transfer of genetic information. Performance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:





Bell Work1) Where was Gregor Mendel from?

2) What did he discover?23

Unit 5: Heredity3) What does it mean to have a dominate gene versus a recessive gene?

Activity (Due on Monday)

24

Unit 5: Heredity

25

Unit 5: Heredity

Vocabulary1)

2)

Review Questions1) Why is studying hereditary important?

26

Unit 5: HeredityWednesday Night Homework

27

Unit 5: Heredity

Thursday ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bell Work1) What did Gregor Mendel Discover?

2) What plant did he work with?

3) What are chromosomes and what are so important about those chromosomes?

Assignment1) Go to Edpuzzle and do the Edpuzzle on Gregor Mendel2) When you finish the Edpuzzle, you will need to research one of the following people.

a. Frederick Griffithb. Oswald Averyc. Alfred Hursheyd. Mertha Chasee. Rosalind Franklin

f. Francis Crickg. James Watsonh. Gregor Mendeli. Charlse Darwin

3) You will then answer the following questions. a. What year were they born and what year did they die?

b. Where were they born?

c. Where did they graduate collage and what was their degree in?

d. Where did they do their research?

e. What was their research on (write a paragraph)?

28

Unit 5: Heredityf. Why is their research important (paragraph)?

g. What awards if any did they receive?

Extra Credit (10 points) Due on Monday Create a PowerPoint on two of the people listed in the following assignment. It must include:

o All of the questions from aboveo Each slide should have a picture to go along with it. o There should be no more than 4 bullet points per slide. o You MUST show where you got your informationo You MUST show pictures of their research.

If you present it, you could get an additional 5 points for a total of 15 points.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions:1) What did you learn from the video?

2) What was one thing you found interesting about the person you did research on?

29

Unit 5: HeredityFriday -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------






Bell Work

30

Unit 5: Heredity

31

Unit 5: Heredity

Lab: Will be handed out in classRemember is you receive Lunch detention, morning detention, ISS or OSS you will not be able to do the lab.

Review Questions:1) What conclusions can you draw from the lab?

2) What did you learn from the lab?

3) What was the purpose of the lab?

32

Unit 5: HeredityName _______________________________________________________ Due Monday 1/28/2019

Weekly ScheduleMonday: No School MLK Jr DayTuesday: Lesson 4 Part 2 NotesWednesday: Lesson 5 Part 1 NotesThursday: Part 1 of LabFriday: Part 2 of Lab

Tuesday -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------






Bell Work 1) Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he discover?

2) What type of plant did Mendel do all of his work with? Why did he use that plant?

3) What are the two types of Chromosomes? What are the functions of each type?

Principle of Dominance• The _____________________________________ states that some alleles are

____________________ and others are _____________________.

33

Unit 5: Heredity

Heterozygous vs. Homozygous • _________________________ are the letters that represent ___________________.

• Alleles that are the same are _____________________________• Alleles that are different are ______________________________.

Phenotype vs. Genotype• _______________________ : The actual gene (alleles)

• Pp

• ______________ are the letters that represent genes.

• ______________ are dominate

• ______________ are recessive

• _____________________ : The physical trait expressed.

• purple

Principle of Segregation• The _________________________________________ explains how alleles are separated

during meiosis.

Principle of Independent Assortment• The ______________________________________________ states that the

______________________ of alleles of one trait does NOT affect the segregation of the alleles of another trait.

• Holds true _______________________ genes are ____________________.

Punnett Squares• The ________________________ is a grid system for

______________________ all possible

__________________ resulting from a cross.

• The _________________ represent the possible

____________________ of each parent.

• The ___________________ show the possible

_________________ of the _________________.

34

Unit 5: Heredity• The Punnett square _____________ the _________________ of _______________

genotypes and phenotypes.

Types of Crosses• Two types of crosses:

• _____________________________________ • __________________ type of ___________________________ is crossed

• Example: TT x tt

• 4 square Punnett Square

• ____________________________________ • _______________ characteristics are crossed

• Example: TTRr x ttRR

• 16 square Punnett Square

Monohybrid Cross• ________________________________ crosses examine the inheritance of only one specific

trait.

• homozygous dominant-homozygous recessive:

____________________________________________• heterozygous-heterozygous—______________________________________________• Heterozygous-homozygous recessive; _______________________________________• Monohybrid Crosses Continued

• heterozygous-homozygous recessive—

___________________________________________________________________________• A ___________________________ is a cross between an organism with an

_____________________ genotype and an organism with the ________________________

phenotype.

35

Unit 5: HeredityDihybrid Cross

• Mendel’s _____________________________ crosses with heterozygous plants yielded a

_________________ phenotypic ratio.

• Mendels dihybrid crosses led to his _____________________________ , _______________________________________ assortment.

• The _______________________________________ states that allele pairs separate independently of

each other during meiosis.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1. Who is Gregor Mendel and why is he so IMPORTANT?

2. What plant did Mendel use in his experiments?

3. What are the laws that Mendel came up with?

4. What are monohybrid crosses?

5. What are dihybrid crosses?

36

Unit 5: HeredityHomework: Fill in the Punnett squares for each cross given to determine the phenotype and genotype ratios of the offspringCrosses with one homozygous dominant parent:

AA x AA AA x Aa AA x aa

Offspring Genotypes:

AA Aa aa AA Aa aa AA Aa aa

Offspring Phenotypes:

Dominant Dominant Dominant

Recessive Recessive Recessive

Crosses with one heterozygous parent:Aa x AA Aa x Aa Aa x aa






Crosses with one homozygous recessive parent:aa x AA aa x Aa aa x aa






37

Unit 5: HeredityRefer to the crosses that you worked out on the front of this page to answer questions 1-8

1. What crosses will result in all dominant phenotype offspring?

2. What cross will result in all recessive phenotype offspring?

3. What cross will result in half dominant and half recessive phenotype offspring?

4. What cross will result in a ratio of 3 dominant phenotype offspring for every 1 recessive offspring?

5. What cross will result in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio in the offspring?

6. What cross will result in all homozygous recessive offspring?

7. What cross will result in half homozygous dominant offspring and half heterozygous offspring?

8. What cross will result in all heterozygous offspring?

9. In dogs, black fur (B) is dominant over yellow fur (b). A homozygous black dog is mated with a yellow dog.

Do a punnett square to show the cross and predict the offspring (phenotypes and genotypes)

38

Unit 5: Heredity10. In dogs, black fur (B) is dominant over yellow fur (b). A heterozygous black dog is mated with a yellow dog.Do a punnett square to show the cross and predict the offspring (phenotypes and genotypes)

39

Unit 5: HeredityWednesday----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SC Standards and Objectives• Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is


• 7.L.4A. Conceptual Understanding: Inheritance is the key process causing similarities between parental organisms and their offspring. Organisms that reproduce sexually transfer genetic information (DNA) to their offspring. This transfer of genetic information through inheritance leads to greater similarity among individuals within a population than between populations. Technology allows humans to influence the transfer of genetic information. Performance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:

• 7.L.4A.3 Develop and use models (Punnett squares) to describe and predict patterns of the inheritance of single genetic traits from parent to offspring (including dominant and recessive traits, incomplete dominance, and codominance).

• 7.L.4A.4 Use mathematical and computational thinking to predict the probability of phenotypes and genotypes based on patterns of inheritance.

Bell Work1) What is a monohybrid cross? Do a monohybrid cross with two heterozygous genes?

2) Where are genes located? Where is DNA located?

3) What organelle contains DNA?

According to Mendel… Genes can be either __________________________ or ________________________.

They do _______________ mix to form the phenotype.

Since Mendel’s Time…Due to advances in technology since Mendel’s time, inheritance patterns and genetic variations that could not be explained by Mendelian genetics are now understood using new technology

_____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

40

Unit 5: HeredityAutosomes vs Sex Chromosomes

• Gene expression is often related to whether a gene is located on an _____________________ or on a _________________________________________.

• ___________________________ do not play a direct role in sex determination.

• The genes that affect your hair texture are ________________________________.

Sex Chromosomes• __________________________ determines an organism’s sex

• Genes located on the sex chromosomes are ___________________ genes.

• Genes on the ____ chromosome are responsible for the development of male offspring.

• The _____ chromosome has much more influence over _________________.

Genetic Disorders• A carrier of a genetic disorder is _____________________________• _____________________ genetic disorders are far less common than recessive disorders.

• Many human genetic disorders are caused by _____________________________________.

Incomplete Dominance ___________________________________ occurs when a heterozygous phenotype is

somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. Give an example and describe the

cross.

o ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________o ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________ There are ______ different ____________________ genes.

A __________________ is ___________________ b/w the two

__________________________.

Genotypes designated as: BB=blue B’B’=green BB’=blue-green

Phenotype can depend on interactions of alleles.

In _______________________ dominance, ______________________ allele is completely

_____________________ nor completely ________________________.

o Heterozygous phenotype is ___________________________ between the

________________ homozygous phenotypes

o Homozygous parental phenotypes not seen in F1 offspring

41

Unit 5: Heredity

Codominance Alleles show __________________ in which both traits are fully and separately expressed.

____ and _______ blood types is an example of ____________________.

This trait is also considered a ___________________ trait.

A pair of codominant alleles or multiple alleles can produce __________ different phenotypes.

Blood types can produce 4 phenotypes and 6 genotypes

There are ________ different _____________ genes.

A _________________________ shows __________ other possible _______________ in a

pattern.

Genotypes designated as: PP=pink OO=orange PO=pink & orange

Codominant alleles will ____________ be ____________________ expressed.

Multiple Alleles Polygenic Traits Traits produced by _________________ or __________________ genes are called

_______________________ traits.

o Examples

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

Many _____________________ may ____________________ to produce

______________________ trait.

_____________________ traits are produced by _____________ or _________________

genes.

Linkage If genes are considered to be linked, it means that they are ___________________________

together on the same chromosome

Both ________________________ and ________________________ can be carriers of an

autosomal disorder

Only ___________________________ can be carriers of __________________________

disorders.

An example of a historical sex-linked disorder is called ______________________________ Which offspring would have the hemophilia and which would be the carrier?

___________________________________________________________________________

42

Unit 5: Heredity An example of a sex-linked trait is _____________________________ colorblindness.

The ___________________ together _____________________________ genes are, the

more likely they will be ___________________________________ together.

________________________________ frequencies are ______________________ to

__________________________ between genes.

Linkage maps show the relative ____________________ of genes.

Sex-Linked InheritanceXX=female XY=male

• The _____ and _____ chromosomes are __________________________________. They

have ____________________________.

• A male having ______________ can exhibit a __________________ trait if it is on the

_________ or ____________ chromosome because there is __________________ other

gene to counter it.

• Examples of sex-linked genes:

• ________________________________________________________________________ • ________________________________________________________________________ • ________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1. What are the exceptions to Mendel’s theories?

2. Pick 3 of the exceptions and explain what they mean.

43

Unit 5: Heredity

Thursday-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SC Standards and Objectives• Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is


• 7.L.4A. Conceptual Understanding: Inheritance is the key process causing similarities between parental organisms and their offspring. Organisms that reproduce sexually transfer genetic information (DNA) to their offspring. This transfer of genetic information through inheritance leads to greater similarity among individuals within a population than between populations. Technology allows humans to influence the transfer of genetic information. Performance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:

• 7.L.4A.3 Develop and use models (Punnett squares) to describe and predict patterns of the inheritance of single genetic traits from parent to offspring (including dominant and recessive traits, incomplete dominance, and codominance).

• 7.L.4A.4 Use mathematical and computational thinking to predict the probability of phenotypes and genotypes based on patterns of inheritance.

Bell Work: 1) Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he discover?

2) What is a monohybrid cross and what are the ratios for a monohybrid cross?

3) What is incomplete dominance?

4) What is codominance?

Lab:We will start the lab today and it will be finished on Friday. Note packet will be due on Monday 1/28/2018

No Bell work or review questions for Friday. Come in and get started on the lab.

44

Unit 5: HeredityName: _______________________________________________ Due 2/4/2019

Weekly ScheduleMonday: Review Lesson 1, 3, 4 & 5Tuesday: Review Lesson 1, 3, 4 & 5Wednesday: Benchmark (finish note packets/missing assignments)Thursday: Internet Scavenger HuntFriday: Mystery Friday

Unit 5 Test will be 2/8/2019

Monday---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SC Standards and ObjectivesStandard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information.






It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship between genes and chromosomes to construct explanations of their relationship to inherited characteristics.




Bell Work1. Where are genes located? Where is DNA located? Where are chromosomes located?

2. What are the 3 main functions of DNA?45

Unit 5: Heredity3. What are the exception for Mendel’s laws?

4. What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

What is a Gene?- A gene is a section of DNA in a specific region of a specific chromosome.- Genes code for specific proteins to be produced characteristics in living things.- There are dominant and recessive forms of genes. - Each chromosome consists of hundreds of genes determining the many proteins for an

individual organism.

Karyotype The picture to the left show all the chromosomes in a human. It is called a Karyotype. There are 3 things a Karyotype shows

Sex of the organismTotal Number of chromosomesChromosomal Disorders

What is DNA DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid A long molecule made up of units called nucleotides.


1) Genes have to carry info from one generation to the next. 2) Genes have to put that info to work by determining heritable traits. 3) Genes have to be easily copied during cell replication.

Autosomal Chromosomes The other 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes are called autosomal or autosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes

23 from the male parent 23 from the female parent

Each set of chromosomes is homologous- Each of the 23 chromosomes from the male parent will “match” with each of the 23

chromosomes from the female parent.

Sex Chromosome and Sex Determination In _______________________________ gender is determined by the ___________________

chromosomes.

The ________________ pair.

_______________ of sperm cells carry X, _________________ carry Y.

_________________ of egg cells carry __________________.

__________________________ and _____________________________.

46

Unit 5: Heredity Which parent determines the gender of the baby?

Genetics Heredity deals with __________________ and _______________________.

o ______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.o ______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________. Genetics is the scientific study of _____________________________.

o ______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.o ______________________ are distinguishing characteristics that make each organism

a little different.

We study heredity through the field of _______________________.

What did all this tell Mendel?Mendel drew three conclusions about heredity through his experiments:

1. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Principle of Dominance The ____________________________ states that some alleles are __________________ and

others are __________________________.

Heterozygous vs. Homozygous _______________ are the letters that represent ________________.

Alleles that are the same are ___________________________ Alleles that are different are ____________________________.

Phenotype vs. Genotype _____________________ : The actual gene (alleles)

47

Unit 5: Heredityo Pp

o ___________________ are the letters that

represent genes.

_____________________ are dominat

_____________________ are recessive

_____________________ : The physical trait

expressed.

o purple

VocabularyDo not forget to define the term.Do not give me 5 words define them in your own words.Use your notes not the book or your laptop

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

2. What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?

3. What is the Law of Dominance?

Tuesday--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


48

Unit 5: Heredity7.L.4A. Conceptual Understanding: Inheritance is the key process causing similarities between parental organisms and their offspring. Organisms that reproduce sexually transfer genetic information (DNA) to their offspring. This transfer of genetic information through inheritance leads to greater similarity among individuals within a population than between populations. Technology allows humans to influence the transfer of genetic information. Performance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:









Bell Work1. What are the 3 Conclusions that Mendel came up with?

2. What is a karyotype and what can it tell us?

3. Why is studying genetics important?

Principle of Segregation

The _______________________________________________ explains how alleles are

separated during meiosis.

Principle of Independent Assortment

The ____________________________________________ states that the

_____________________ of alleles of one trait does NOT affect the segregation of the alleles

of another trait.

Holds true ___________________ genes are _______________________.

49

Unit 5: Heredity

Types of Crosses Two types of crosses:

o ______________________________

___________ type of _____________________ is crossed

Example: TT x tt

4 square Punnett Square

o _____________________

____________ characteristics are crossed

Example: TTRr x ttRR

16 square Punnett Square

According to Mendel… Genes can be either _______________________ or ____________________.

They do ___________________ mix to form the phenotype.

Since Mendel’s Time… Due to _________________________ in technology since Mendel’s time,

_______________________ patterns and _________________ variations that

________________________ be explained by Mendelian genetics are now understood using

new technology

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

50

Unit 5: HereditySex Chromosomes

________________________________ determines an organism’s sex

Genes located on the sex chromosomes are _____________________ genes.

Genes on the ______________ chromosome are responsible for the development of male

offspring.

The _________ chromosome has much more influence over

___________________________.

Incomplete Dominance In _______________________ dominance, ________________________ allele is

completely ______________________ nor completely _______________________.

Heterozygous phenotype is __________________________ between the ____________

homozygous phenotypes

Homozygous parental phenotypes not seen in F1 offspring

Codominance There are __________ different _________________ genes.

A _____________________ shows __________________ other possible

_______________________ in a pattern.

Genotypes designated as: PP=pink OO=orange PO=pink & orange

Multiple Alleles Unlike those studied by Mendel, some traits are ________________________ by

____________________ than _________________ gene (allele).

These genes may be _____________________ or _____________________, or

________________________ to _______________________ degrees.

Ex: ABO Human Blood Groups Human Blood types may be A, B, AB or O. Codominant blood types: A and B Recessive blood type: O How would a person have blood type AB?

Polygenic Traits Many ____________________ may _______________________ to produce

_________________ trait.

______________________ traits are produced by _____________ or _________________

genes.

51

Unit 5: Heredity

Linkage The __________________ together ____________________ genes are, the more likely they

will be ___________________________ together.

_______________________ frequencies are _____________________ to

_____________________ between genes.

Linkage maps show the relative ___________________________ of genes.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1. What are the Laws of Independent Assortment and Segregation?

2. What is the difference between polygenetic traits and multiple alleles?

3. What are alleles? What do they represent?

52

Unit 5: Heredity4. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Wednesday----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SC Standards and ObjectivesAll of them to day

Bell Work1) Review for Benchmark

VocabularyNone

Review QuestionsNone

Thursday-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------











53

Unit 5: Heredity

Bell Work1) Do the following crosses:

a. Cc X ccb. GG X ggc. Hh X Hh

2) What the percentages of genotypes?3) Which ones are heterozygous and which ones are homozygous?4) Which letters are dominant and which ones are recessive?

Genetics Online Scavenger Hunt

Part 1: Tour of the BasicsDirections:

1. Go to the website: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/2. Select Tour of the Basics and then click on each of the following tabs.

What is DNA?

What is a Gene?

What is a Chromosome?

What is a protein?

What is Heredity?

What is a Trait?

3. As you go from one tutorial to the next answer the corresponding questions for each topic.

What is DNA?1. The instructions that provide all the information necessary for living organisms to grow and live

are located in the ____________________.

2. The instructions come in the form of a molecule called ___________.

3. What do the letters in DNA stand for? _______________________________

4. What is the name given for the twisted ladder shape of the DNA molecule? ___________________________

54

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/

Unit 5: Heredity

What is a Gene?1. What is a gene?

2. What makes up a gene?

3. The name of the protein that red blood cells use to capture and carry oxygen in our bodies is called _____________________________.

4. A disorder that can occur if a mutation occurs in the DNA to change the instructions for making the hemoglobin molecule is called_________________________.

What is a Chromosome?1. How long would your DNA be if it were stretched out? ____________________

2. DNA is packaged in units called____________________________.3. How many chromosomes do humans have?___________

4. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?______

5. Which chromosomes determine whether you are male or female? _______________________________________________________

What is Heredity?1. Our ______________ encode the instructions that define our traits.

2. How do we get traits from our parents?

What are Traits?1. What is a trait?

2. What are physical traits?

3. What are behavioral traits?

Part 2: Heredity and Traits?Directions: 1. Go back to the homepage, http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/index.html2. Click on Heredity and Traits.

55

Unit 5: Heredity3. Scroll down the next page and find the following topics:

a. How Do Scientists Read Chromosomes?

b. Making a Karyotype

c. Using Karyotypes to Predict Genetic Disorders

4. As you go from one tutorial to the next answer the corresponding questions for each topic.

How Do Scientists Read Chromosomes?1. What are the three key features that scientists use to identify similarities and differences on

chromosomes?a.

b.

c.

2. For what process are centromeres required?

3. Centromeres are attached to microtubules (spindle fibers), which are proteins that can pull

chromosomes toward ___________________ ends of each cell before the cell divides.

4. This ensures that each daughter cell will have a full set of _________________________.

Making a Karyotype 1. What is a karyotype?

2. How are chromosomes arranged and numbered in a karyotype?by __________________, from __________________ to____________________.

3. This arrangement helps scientists quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in a _______________________________.

4. List the three steps scientists use to make a karyotype.a.

b.

c.

Using Karyotypes to Predict Genetic Disorders1. List the three typical differences found in karyotypes.

a.b.

56

Unit 5: Heredityc.

2. Circle either yes or no for the next three items. Can scientists see the following in a karyotype?a. Individual DNA strands or genes? YES NOb. The number of genes in any given area of a chromosome? YES NO

c. The presence or location of small mutations? YES NO

Part 3: Genetic Disorder LibraryDirections:1, Go back to the home page: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/index.html2. Click on Genetic Disorder Library.3. Click on a disorder from the following table and include information about the causes and

characteristics of the disorders...

Genetic Disorder Cause Characteristics of Disorder1. Down Syndrome Mental retardation

Eyes slant upwardHeart defects

2. Turner SyndromeGirls have only one x chromosome

3. Klinefelter Syndrome

4. Cri du Chat Syndrome

5. Williams Syndrome

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1) What are genetic disorders and what can cause genetic disorders?

57

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/index.html

Unit 5: Heredity2) What is a karyotype and why are they important?

3) What is DNA? Where is DNA found?

Friday------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------











Bell Work

58

Unit 5: Heredity

Lab:

59

Unit 5: HeredityIf you have lunch detention, ISS, OSS, or morning detention you may not do the lab.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

Review Question1) What are 3 take away from today’s lab?

a)

b)

c)

60

Unit 5: HeredityWeek 6 Note Packet

Name: _______________________________________________________ Due 2/11/2018

Weekly ScheduleMonday: Lab Make up dayTuesday: Genetic Mutations and Genetic EngineeringWednesday: Review StationsThursday: Review StationsFriday: Quiz and Mutations Lab

Weekly Standards and Objectives

Standard 7.L.4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring and how environmental factors and the use of technologies influence the transfer of genetic information.






7.L.4A.5 Construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims for how changes in genes (mutations) may have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on organisms.

7.L.4A.6 Construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the use of technology (such as selective breeding, genetic engineering, or biomedical research) in influencing the transfer of genetic information.

Learning Objectives for Unit 5 It is essential that students obtain and communicate information about the relationship





61

Unit 5: Heredity It is essential that students construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims for

how changes in genes (mutations) may have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on organisms.

It is essential that students construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the use of technology (such as selective breeding, genetic engineering, or biomedical research) in influencing the transfer of genetic information.

Monday---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bell Work:1) What is a monohybrid cross?

2) What are genes and where are they found?

3) What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype?

Lab/Work Make up day!!!

Review Questions1) Why did you need a day to finish up your labs/note packets?

2) How do you plan to make sure that you finish all of your assignments on time?

Tuesday--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bell Work1) Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he discover?

2) What day is your test?

3) When are all of your Unit 5 assignments due?

Notes

Mutations• A _______________________________ is any change in the DNA sequence that causes a

change in the amino acid sequence, thus a variation in the protein.• Mutations can occur many ways:

• ______________________________________________________________________

62

Unit 5: Heredity• ______________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________

Mutations Passed or Not Passed• Mutations in Gametes

• ______________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________ • _____________________________________________________________________.

• Mutations in Somatic Cells (body cells)• ______________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________

Gene Mutation • Two types:

• ______________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________

Pont Mutations• Result from changes in a

_____________________________ gene.• Point mutation

• ______________ ____________________

• Example: Change in the

Reading Frame

• Normal Reading Frame:

• THE FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

• Point Mutation on Reading Frame:

• THE FLY HID ONE RED EYE

• Remember: DNARNAAmino Acidsproteins.

Frame-Shift Gene Mutations• Frame-shift Mutation

63

Unit 5: Heredity• Involves

______________________________ and __________________________ of

nucleotides.• Can change the entire

_____________________________ frame

of the gene.

• Normal Reading Frame:

• THE FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

• Insertion:

• THE FLY QHA DON ERE DEY

• Deletion:

• THE FLH ADO NER EDE YE

• Remember DNARNAAmino Acidsproteins.

Chromosomal Mutations Involves changes in the ___________________________ or __________________________

of chromosomes. May change the ____________________________ of genes on the chromosomes and even

the ______________________ of copies of some. Four types:

______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

64

Unit 5: Heredity

Nondisjunction• May lead to __________________________ disorders

• Can result in chromosomes _____________________ separating. • Causing ________________ and _____________________ to have an

_______________________ chromosome.• May be __________________ in ________________________, but not in

________________

ExamplesKlinefelter’s syndrome

65

Unit 5: Heredity

Turner Syndromes

Cri du Chat Syndrome

Trisomy DisordersDown Syndrome is the most recognizable of these, but there are others.

66

Unit 5: Heredity

Are all mutations bad?• In some cases, mutations are _____________________________ to organisms. • ______________________________________ are changes that may be useful to organisms

in _______________________________ environments. • These mutations result in ____________________________________ that are

_______________________ by ________________________________ and increase in

population.

• __________________________________________ is an example of a _________________ mutation-at least from the point of view from the bacteria.

Bad Mutations• ___________________ can lead to __________________________________. • By examining a _______________________, ___________________________ can also see

the likelihood of an individual ________________________ a genetic disorder.

Vocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1) What are the types of gene mutations?

2) What are the types of chromosomal mutations?

3) What is the difference between a chromosomal mutation and a gene mutation?

67

Unit 5: HeredityWednesday & Thursday-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bell Work1) What should you come in and do every day?

2) When do you turn your work in?

3) What is the cell phone policy?

Station 1:1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)68

Unit 5: Heredity9)

10)

11)

Station 2:1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Station 3:1)

2)69

Unit 5: Heredity3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

Station 4:1)

2)

3)

4)

70

Unit 5: Heredity5)

Station 5:1)

2)

3)

4)

Station 6:1)

2)

3)

4)

5)71

Unit 5: HeredityVocabulary1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions1) Why is it important to study?

2) Why do we do review stations?

3) What are you going to do to achieve greatness on this next test?

Friday------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bell Work1) Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he discover?

2) What are GMO’s and how are they made?

3) What is biotechnology?

Read Before Lab on Friday

Introduction:

Mutations are caused by changes in DNA. Knowing a few basic types of mutations can help you understand why some mutations have major effects and some may have no effect at all. The following are some of the types of mutations that can occur.

SubstitutionA substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G). Such a substitution could:

72

Unit 5: Heredity1. Change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause

a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which alters a single amino acid in the protein produced.

2. Change a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced. These are called silent mutations.

3. Change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single “stop” codon and cause an incomplete protein. This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won’t function.

InsertionInsertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.

DeletionDeletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.

FrameshiftSince protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. These changes are called frameshifts.For example, consider the sentence, “The fat cat sat.” Each word represents a codon. If we delete the first letter and parse the sentence in the same way, it doesn’t make sense. In frameshifts, a similar error occurs at the DNA level, causing the codons to be parsed incorrectly. This usually generates proteins that are as useless as “hef atc ats at” is uninformative.

73

Unit 5: Heredity

Objective(s):

To understand and observe mutations. To recognize and adapt to mutations To observe how mutations effect survival skills

Vocabulary:1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Review Questions:1) What was the purpose of the lab?

2) What did you learn from the lab?

74

Documents

Unit 2: The Cell - hunnicuttscience.com€¦ · Web viewUnit 5: Heredity. Unit 5 will be about genetics, chromosomes, mutations and genetic engineering. This Unit will probably