2.1A1. The population is local business while the sample is the 150 businesses chosen at random.

2. The population is the 1000 envelopes stuffed each hour while the sample is the 40 envelopes.

3. This opinion poll exhibits voluntary response sampling, which is inherently heavily biased. Viewers are able to choose to call and participate in the survey.

4. The online poll exhibits convenience sampling, which is inherently heavily biased. In this case, the study is biased towards individuals who possess internet access.

5. a.) convenience sampleb.) Convenience samples limit the experimenter to only survey those in close proximity and thus cannot be accurate predictors of the trends of an entire population. 7.2 hours is probably higher than the average amount of sleep, as the student surveyed the earliest arrivals on campus that morning. Those who arrived early likely received more sleep than those who arrive later.

6. a.) Assign numbers of same digit length to each individual in the sample. Pick a line from Table D and record, from left to right, numbers of the same length as those chosen in the sample. The first five numbers that appear in both table D and the sample are the randomly chosen individuals.b.) Beginning with Anderson and moving downwards until Zhao, each student is assigned a number from 00 to 39. Using line 107, the numbers 82 (X), 73 (X), 95 (X), 78 (X), 90 (X), 20 (), 80 (X), 74 (X), 75 (X), 11 (), 81 (X), 67 (X), 65 (X), 53 (X), 00 (), 94 (X), 38 (), and 31 () were selected. Thus, student number 20, 11, 00, 38, and 31 are chosen as the sample. These students are Kim, Eckstein, Anderson, Zabidi, and Rodriguez.

2.1B1. a.) Because so many iPhones are produced per day, it would be extremely difficult and inefficient to conduct an SRS for 20 iPhones. The data would not pose accurate results.b.) This suggestion possesses convenience bias and does not accurately represent the populations entirety. Thus, there is innate bias that will skew results.c.) Because the iPhones are deliberately chosen and not random, the method does not exhibit SRS. SRS must allow the random choosing of samples from a population.

2. Assigning each student a number from 00 to 29 and each faculty a number from 00 to 09, it was deduced using Table D that Griswold, Kim, Ghosh, and Thompson would represent the students while West and Phillips would represent the faculty members.

3. a.) The athletic department should consider the strata sideline, corner, and endzone, as this draws from each category of seats and is able to represent the population of the stadium well.b.) Cluster samples can be obtained by sampling individual rows of the stadium extending back to the highest row. Because each row that wraps around the stadium contains individuals from every section, the population will be represented fairly accurately.

4. Yes because subjects are being chosen at random and no external influences exist that may affect the probability. Though the SRS is utilized in a stratified setting, it is, nevertheless, still SRS.

5. a.) SRSb.) Using the randInt(0, 64) function on the graphing calculator, households number 1, 54, 40, 13, and 64 were chosen to be sampled.

2.1C1. Households without telephones or are not listed in the telephone director are not available to be sampled. Thus, undercoverage of the entire population leads to immediate bias.

2. Individuals without telephone numbers and those with a different exchange are left out of the survey. Thus, undercoverage of the entire population leads to immediate bias.

3. a.) Undercoverage of those in the most expensive seating will ultimately lead to bias. The entire population is not accounted for.b.) This is a sampling error because it was conceived while the experimenter was choosing the sample.

4. a.) 89.06%b.) The nonresponse misses a large portion of the population. Thus, a misrepresentation of the population and a bias exists. The collected data would have likely been an underestimate of the unbiased data.

5. More than 171 of the 880 respondents likely ran a red light because people do not wish to admit guilt. Instead, they perceive themselves as people of integrity and lawfulness.

6. a.) The question is unclear because it does not seem to establish a correlation between cell phones as the cause of brain cancer. It is slanted toward the desired response of yes.b.) The question is clear and it is slanted toward the desired response of yes as it elevates and provides only an advantage to the national system of health insurance. c.) Though the question is unclear, it does not seem to be slanted toward a desired response.