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Unit 2A Human Form & Function. Body systems The digestive system. Study Guide. Read : Text page 87- 98 Complete : RQ 5-13 AYK 1-8. Digestion. Digestive processes can be chemical (involving digestive enzymes ), or mechanical. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 2A
Human Form & Function
Body systems
The digestive system
Study Guide
Read:• Text
page 87- 98
Complete:
• RQ 5-13
• AYK 1-8
Digestion
Digestive processes can be chemical (involving digestive enzymes), or mechanical.
Chemical digestion the breaking down of the nutrients we eat into simpler organic compounds that can be absorbed by the body.
Mechanical digestion is the breaking down of large sized food to smaller sized food.
ENZYME Acts on End product
Amylase Carbo-hydrate
Simple sugars (e.g. glucose)
Lipase Lipids Fatty acids
Protease Proteins Amino acids
The anatomy of the digestive system
US Govt NIH
Structure of the alimentary tube
Mucosa
Longitudinal muscle layer
Circular muscle layer
Peritoneum
Villus
SubmucosaThin muscle
layer
Chemical digestion in the mouth
Enzyme Product
Salivary amylase
Polysaccharides → Sugars
The salivary glands
Parotid gland
Submandibular glandSublingual gland
Section through the head
Nasal cavity
Palate
TonguePharynx
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Larynx
Esophagus
Teeth
Vocal cords
The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images
The tongue
Jari Keinänen
Mechanical processes in the mouth
Chewing (mastication)Bolus formationSwallowing
Human teeth are generalised – they can process both meat and fibrous plant foods
The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images
Incisor teeth
Premolar and molar teeth
Canine tooth
Human dentition
Molars Pre-molarsCanine
IncisorsGray’s Anatomy
Tooth section
EnamelDentine
Pulp cavity
Cementum
Gum
Root canal
Crown
Neck
Root
The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images
Swallowing and peristalsis
The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images
Epiglottis closes entrance to windpipe
Tongue pushes bolus into throat
Peristalsis carries bolus into stomach
Peristalsis
Wave-like contraction of the muscular wall travels along the gut
BOLUS
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Enzyme Product
Hydrochloric acid
Activates pepsinogen (→ pepsin)
Pepsin Proteins → peptones
Mechanical processes in the stomach
Muscular churning mixes food with gastric juices (forms chyme)
Rennin (in infants only) curdles milk
Absorption in the stomach
Limited absorption of water, glucose, alcohol and some drugs takes place in the stomach.
Section through the stomach
EsophagusFundus
Rugae
Pyloric sphincter muscle
G Meyer ANHB – UWA
Section through the stomach
Esophagus
Rugae
Pyloric sphincter muscle
Three muscle layers
Duodenum
Chemical digestion in the duodenum
Enzyme Product
Amylases
Disaccharides → glucose
Lipase Fats & oils → fatty acids + glycerol
Trypsin Peptones → polypeptides
Mechanical processes in the duodenum
Bile salts emulsify fats (reduce them to small droplets which increases their surface area).
Inside the duodenum
Chemical digestion in the small intestine
Enzyme Product
MaltaseLactase Sucrase
Maltose → glucoseLactose → glucoseSucrose → glucose
Lipase Fats & oils → fatty acids & glycerol
Peptidases
Polypeptides → amino acids
Absorption in the small intestine
• Glucose, amino acids, water and minerals are absorbed into the blood capillaries.
• Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteals (forming chyle).
Section through small intestine showing villi
L. Slomianka ANHB-UWA
Secretory cells
Villus
Gland
Section through a villus
Lacteal
Network of blood capillaries
Epithelial cells & goblet cells
Lymph vessels
Intestinal gland
Functions of the large intestine
• Further absorption of water and some salts.
• Bacterial activity – there are trillions of resident bacteria in the large intestine. They are believed to have several important roles in addition to digesting cellulose in plant foods and synthesising some vitamins (e.g. folic acid).
The large intestine
Caecum
Appendix
Colon (ascending branch)
Colon (transverse branch)
Colon (descending branch)
Rectum
LIVER
Some major functions of the liver
Deaminates amino acidsConverts glucose to glycogenProduces bileStores iron, and vitamins A, B12, D, E & K
Synthesises vitamin A & plasma proteinsDetoxifies drugs (including alcohol) and
other toxins.
Wellcome Photo Library
LiverStomachPancreas
External features of the liver
Miles Kelly Art Library
Gall bladderBile duct
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Inferior vena cava
Liver lobuleArtery, vein & bile duct
Central vein
Lobule
L. Slomianka ANHB-UWA