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Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology. Veterinary Medical Applications I. Directional Terminology. Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology. Introduction. It is very important for the veterinary assistant to be familiar with basic anatomical terminology. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Veterinary Medical Applications I
Directional Terminology
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction
• It is very important for the veterinary assistant to be familiar with basic anatomical terminology.
• This knowledge helps to better understand medical conditions and treatments, follow instructions from the veterinarian, perform basic veterinary medical procedures
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomical Terminology
• Being familiar with anatomical terminology is important, and the terms used here will be repeated throughout this and other units.
• These terms will be used in the description of bones, the names of muscles, as well as in the description of clinical cases.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomical Terms
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
ANTERIOR
• The front of the animal
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
POSTERIOR
• The rear of the animal
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
CRANIAL
• Towards the head
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
CAUDAL
• Towards the tail
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
DORSAL
• Along the back or uppermost surface
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
VENTRAL
• Along the belly or undermost surface
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
PROXIMAL
• Part of the limb closest to the body
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
DISTAL
• Part of the limb furthest from the body
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Three-Dimension Planes
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
FRONTAL PLANE
• Body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
MEDIAN PLANE
• Body plane that divides the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
SAGITTAL PLANE
• Any body plane that is parallel to the median plane.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
TRANSVERSE PLANE
• Body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
SUPERFICIAL
• Closer to the surface
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
DEEP
• Further from the surface– Example: superficial and deep flexor tendons
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Skeletal System
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Skeletal System
• The skeleton is a framework of structures, made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the body.
• Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
• Appendicular Skeleton – the fore and hind limbs
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Appendicular: ForelimbScapula – “shoulder blade” attached with muscleClavicle – the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle!Humerus – forms the upper armUlna – forms the elbow joint, fused with the radius in herbivoresRadius – forms the forearmCarpus – commonly called the “knee” in horses, the “wrist” in dogs and humansMetacarpals – commonly called the cannon region of the forelimb.Number depends on species:
a) Humans: 5b) Horses: 1 plus 2 accessory metacarpals, called “splint bones”c) Dogs and cats: 4 plus the dewclawd) Cattle: 1 that splits at bottom into a cloven hoof and two dewclawse) Pigs: 4 (2 toes and 2 dewclaws)
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Appendicular: Forelimb Continued
Proximal phalanx (P1) – bones of the finger,hoof, and clawIntermediate phalanx (P2)Distal phalanx (P3) – the coffin bone inhorsesProximal sesamoids – tucked in behind P1Distal sesamoid – tucked in underneath P3
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Appendicular: HindlimbPelvis
a) Tuber coxae – part of pelvis that forms the “point of hip”b) Ischiatic tuberosity- part of pelvis that forms the “seat bones”
FemurPatella – forms the “stifle” joint in horses, sometimes called the “knee” indogs, equivalent to the human kneeTibia – main bone of the gaskin of the horseFibula – fused with the tibia & consideredvestigial in herbivoresTarsus – commonly called the “hock”, equivalent to the human “ankle”. Metatarsal – cannon region in the hind limb.
Number depends on species.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Classification of Bones
• Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus• Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull• Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae• Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella• Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide,i.e.femur, tibia, humerus, etc.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Periosteum
Epiphysis
Bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Metaphysis
Endosteum
Diaphysis
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Bone Anatomy
29
Fissured ComminutedTransverseGreenstick
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Classifications of Fractures
Muscular System
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Types of Muscle
• Skeletal muscle – allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope.
• Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beatingof the heart, appears striated under a microscope.• Smooth muscle – responsible for all other
involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Muscle Movement
• Ambulation: moving from one place to another• Abduction: moving away from the median plane• Adduction: moving towards the median plane• Flexion: moving the distal part of the limb
towards the body• Extension: moving the distal part of the limb
away from the body
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Muscle Function
• All muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, sothey generally work in pairs. For any particularaction, the muscles involved can be classified as:• Agonist – prime mover of a joint• Antagonist – opposes movement of the agonist• Ex: for elbow flexion, the agonist is the bicep, and
the antagonist is the tricep. For elbow extension, the agonist is the tricep, and the antagonist is the bicep.
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
34
MasseterBrachiocephalicus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Semitendinous
Intercostal
Triceps brachii
Deltoid
Gluteals
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
External abdominal oblique
Pectorals
Major Muscles
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Description/Function of Muscles• Masseter – superficial muscle of the cheek• Trapezius – superficial triangular muscle of the shoulder• Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal muscle that attaches the
humerus to the lumbar region of the back• Abdominal obliques – large flat muscles that support digestive and
reproductive organs• Gluteals – large muscle of the upper hindquarters• Biceps femoris – lateral superficial muscle, one of three which forms the
“hamstrings”• Biceps brachii – primary flexor of the elbow joint• Triceps brachii – primary extensor of the elbow joint• Pectorals – primary adductors of the forelimbs• Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk (no collarbone!)
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Nervous System
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Axon – sends impulses away from cellBrain – major organ of nervous system; contained within the skullBrainstem – connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; contains the Medulla oblongataCentral nervous system – contains brain and spinal cordCerebellum – coordinates movement and muscle activity, balanceCerebrum – largest portion of brain; responsible for receiving and storing information and signaling for voluntary movement
Vocabulary
Connecting neuron – carries impulses from one neuron to anotherDendrites – branch-like; receive impulsesHomeostasis – state of balance of the physiologic systems within the bodyImpulse – electrical signal that is transmitted through nervous tissueMedulla oblongata – part of the brain responsible for all life functions including: heart rate, breathing, and reflex actions (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting)Meninges – protective layer covering the brain; has three layersMotor neuron – carries impulses from the brain towards the muscles and glands
Nerve – term for one or more bundles of nerve cellsNeuron – nerve cellsNeurotransmitter – chemical substance that allows impulses to travelParasympathetic nervous system – maintains and restores normal body functionPeripheral nervous system – consists of all nerves that lead to and from the spinal cord and brain, known as cranial and spinal nervesSensory neuron – carries impulses towards the brain and spinal cordSoma – cell body that contains the nucleusSpinal cord – pathway for all impulses going to and from the brain,Sympathetic nervous system – responsible for stress and emergency responses; “fight or flight”Synapse – space between neurons that contains a neurotransmitter
Functions of the Nervous System
• Detects and processes information and formulates responses; coordinates and controls all bodily activity.
• The nervous system sends and receives impulses –electrical signals that travel though the nervous system and provide information to the brain.
Types of Neurons
Sensory neurons – carry impulses towards the brain and spinal cord.
Connecting neurons – carry impulses from one neuron to another.
Motor neurons – carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the body.
Parts of a Neuron
Cell body (soma)
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Axon
http://safari.pisd.edu/?a=175072&s=00:00:00:00&e=00:00:49:00&d=25344AA
Parts of a Neuron
1. Cell Body – often called the soma. Contains the cell nucleus2. Dendrite – branch-like, receives impulses3. Axon – sends impulses away from the cell4. Synapse – space in between neurons; contains a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter that helps impulses travel5. Myelin – protective sheath around the neuron
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System – consists of brain and spinal cord.1. Brain – major organ of the nervous system.a. Meninges – three-layered protective covering of the brain.b. Cerebrum – largest part of the brain. It has four lobes that receive and store
information And are responsible for giving signals for voluntary movementc. Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity, and balance.d. Brainstem – connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla oblongata.e. Medulla oblongata - dictates all life functions including: heart rate, breathing, and reflex actions.f. Thalamus – a central relay system for all nerve impulses except smell. It receives the impulses and then directs them to the proper part of the brain.g. Hypothalamus – serves as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.h. Pituitary gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth.
2. Spinal cord – pathway for all impulses going to and from the brain. Connects to the medulla oblongata.
Parts of the Brain
Meninges
Medulla oblongataBrain stem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
• Peripheral Nervous System – consists of nerves that relay information to and from the spinal cord.
• Sympathetic Nervous System – Responsible for emergency and stress responses: “fight or flight”.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System – Seeks to maintain and restore normal body function, often called Homeostasis: a state of balance of the physiologic systems within the body
Respiratory System
Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Alveoli – grape-like clusters at ends of bronchioles; where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases occurApnea – not breathingAsphyxiation – suffocation; blockage of airflow that results in a lack of oxygenBradypnea – abnormally slow respiratory rate Bronchi – paired terminal branches of the trachea contained within the lungs; singular: bronchus
Vocabulary
Bronchial tree – term that describes how bronchi get continually smaller, like a tree branchBronchioles – smallest branches of the bronchial treeCilia – tiny hairs inside nostrils that help to filter airDiaphragm – Muscle located below the lungs; contraction causes the lungs to draw in a breath
Dyspnea – difficult breathingEpiglottis – flap that covers the larynx during swallowingExhalation – release of a breathInhalation – drawing in of a breathLarynx – ‘voice box’ that contains vocal cords
Lungs – paired major organs of respiration that contain bronchi and are divided into clearly defined lobesMucous membrane – lining of respiratory tract that secretes mucusMucus – slimy secretion that warms, moistens, and filters air
Pharynx – common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systemsRespiration – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases with cellsTachypnea – abnormally fast respiratory rateTrachea – windpipe; has distinct rings of cartilage