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Unit 3: Biochemistry & Plants
Atoms & Elements
c) Atom Structure• Nucleus = Protons & Neutrons • Outside of Nucleus = Electrons
• An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. An element is made of 1 type of Atom!
• A compound consists of 2 or more elements that have been chemically combined.
• All Organic compounds contain the element Carbon. Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon are called Inorganic compounds.
The mass number will change if the number of neutrons changes (called an Isotope).
The atomic number does NOT change.
Lose Electron = Positively Charged Ion
IONS
Gain Electron = Negatively Charged Ion
Chemical BondsChemical Bonds are formed
because of ELECTRONS.
Covalent bonds SHARE electrons & are very STRONG.
Ionic bonds TRANSFER electrons & are WEAKER because they form IONS.
Hydrogen bonds are formed because of electrical CHARGES instead of
electrons. They are very WEAK.
IsotopesIsotopes have
different numbers of NEUTRONS but the same number
of PROTONS so the atomic MASS
is different.
pH is the measurement of ACIDITY because it measures the concentration of H+ ions in
the solution. The “lower” the pH, the higher
the concentration is of H+ so the substance is a stronger ACID. The “higher” the pH, the lower
the concentration is of H+ so the substance is a stronger BASE. At a pH of 7, the concentration of H+ and OH- ions is EQUAL,
so the pH is NEUTRAL. 0-6 = Acid 7 = Neutral 8-14 = Base
DECREASE by pH by 1 (make more ACIDIC)= multiply the number of H+ ions by 10
(move decimal to right) and divide the number of OH- ions by 10
(move decimal to left).(do the opposite for increasing the pH)
Compounds that contain Carbon are
called ORGANIC
Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon
are called INORGANIC
POLYMERS
are made of
MONOMERS
Compounds that contain Carbon are
called ORGANIC
Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon
are called INORGANIC
POLYMERS
are made of
MONOMERS
Muscle
Saturated Fatty Acids ONLY have Single Bonds between the Carbons.Unsaturated have at least 1 double bond.
Monosaccharides = Simple Sugars (glucose & fructose)
Disaccharides = 2 simple sugars joined together (sucrose & lactose)
Polysaccharides = Starches; many simple sugars joined together
Plant Starch = CelluloseAnimal Starch = Glycogen
Properties of WaterPolarity = one side of the molecule is SLIGHTLY POSITIVE and the other side is SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE.
H2O = The 2H are Positive
and O is Negative BECAUSE the electrons are NOT shared equally!
Polarity creates ALL of the other properties of water!
PROPERTIES OF WATER• Cohesion & Adhesion happen because of
POLARITY.• Adhesion is when water molecules adhere (stick)
to OTHER SUBSTANCES• Cohesion is when water molecules adhere (stick)
to OTHER WATER MOLECULES• Cohesion & Adhesion both create SURFACE
TENSION. They also contribute to CAPILLARY ACTION (allows water to CLIMB) AND IONIZATION (which contributes to water being the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT).
• Pure water has a NEUTRAL pH because there is the SAME concentration of H+ ions as OH- ions.
Properties of Water Surface Tension
Capillary Action
Cohesion POLARITY!!!!
Adhesion & Universal Solvent
Transpiration = Evaporation of Water From the Leaves of Plants
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration & Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis happens in the LEAVES of PLANTS
Transpiration carries water to the leaves so that
Photosynthesis can happen.
Photosynthesis
1)
2)3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2
R
Flower StructureFlowers are the
Reproductive Organs of plants.
The Stamen contains the “male” gametes
(pollen). The Pistil contains the
“female” gametes (ovum)
Leaf StructureMost Chloroplasts are in the leaves SO most
of the Glucose & Oxygen are made in
the leaves.