Unit 3 Operation System 《计算机专业英语》潘果. 计算机专业英语 Unit 3 Operation System Section1 Situational Dialog System Crash Section 2 Passages Passage A. Categories

Unit 3 Operation System

《计算机专业英语》

潘果

计算机专业英语


• Section1 Situational Dialog System Crash

• Section 2 Passages Passage A. Categories of Operating System Passage B. Comparison between Linux and Windows

• Section 3 Skill in Focus Reading Skills, Part 3—Syntactic Characteristics of Computer

English

• Section 4 Extended Reading Some Changes in Windows 7 Taskbar Google to Launch Rival to Windows as It Challenges Microsoft’s

Dominance Apple Boosts Its System’s Speed Tips: Upgrade Your PC with a New Graphics Card



Section 1 Situational Dialogue

System Crash

1 、在使用计算机的过程中，你遇到过系统崩溃的情况吗，简单描述一下。

2 、你觉得系统崩溃的原因有哪些。


Unit 3 Section 1

Cheng Hong has met with some problems with his computer, and now he is consulting his Qian Liang, a “geek” among his classmates.

• Cheng Hong: Good morning, Qian Liang. May I ask you some questions about my computer?

• Qian Liang: Good morning. What can I do for you?

• Cheng Hong: The system in my computer has crashed. I have tried several times to reboot it but it doesn’t work. What can I do?

• Qian Liang: How did that happen?

• Cheng Hong: The screen went blank while I was just drawing with Photoshop. It all happened suddenly, and I am totally at a loss why.


Unit 3 Section 1• Zhang Ning: Well, there might many causes for system crash. One of them is

software. The simplest operation like installing and uninstalling might cause a crash in system. Problems within the system may also do that, so you have to be very careful when deleting DLL files, modifying Windows registry, or upgrading the operating system. Another cause is the hardware problem. Have you tried backing up the files? It would be a great help in system restoration when the problem doesn’t lie in the hardware.

• Cheng Hong: The service personnel installed a ghost program for me when I bought the computer. Will I lose the data in my hard disk if it is restored?

• Qian Liang: Not except the data on C: drive, where files on your desktop or in My Documents are stored. You may move them into other locations with a bootable disk or under DOS if there are any.

• Cheng Hong: There are a lot of learning materials in My Documents and on the desktop. Would you please help me transfer them? It might save me the trouble of calling for customer services, and what’s more important, I’d learn a lot from you.

• Qian Liang: No problem.



Section 2 Passage A ：Categories of Operating System

1 、你所知道的操作系统有哪些

2 、你觉得未来操作系统的发展趋势是什么


Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A

• OS

• software

• application program

• resource

• error

• batch processing

• real-time

• multi-tasking

• multi-user

• distributed

• time sharing

• desktop

• embedded

• Windows

• release

• Macintosh

• Unix

• Linux

• BSD

• source code

• GNU

• open-source project

• z/OS



• An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as “OS”) is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. It controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various applications programs for various uses. It acts as a resource allocator and manager.

• Since there are many possibly conflicting requests for resources, the operating system must decide which requests are allocated resources to operate the computer system efficiently and fairly. It also controls the user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer, and is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.



•Categories of Operating Systems While the majority of computers we see happen to be

using one “type” of operating system performing the same functions, operating systems can be branched into several different types as well. Operating systems may be categorized by different standards. Here are some of common types:

1. Batch Processing Operating System 2. Real-time Operating System 3. Single User Operating System 4. Multi-Tasking Operating System5. Multi-User Operating System 6. Distributed Operating System



• 1. Batch Processing Operating System In a batch processing OS interaction between the user and

processor is limited during the execution of work. Data and programs to be processed are bundled and collected as a ‘batch’ and executed together.

Batch processing operating systems are ideal when there are large amounts of data to be processed, similar data needs to be processed, or, similar processing is involved when executing the data.

The system is capable of identifying times when the processor is idle at which time ‘batches’ may be processed. Processing is all performed automatically without any user intervention.



• 2. Real-time Operating System A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating

system that guarantees a certain capability within a specified time constraint. Real-time systems are usually used to control complex systems that require a lot of processing like machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems.

• 3. Single User Operating System A single user OS, as the name suggests, is designed for

one user to effectively use a computer at a time.



• 4. Multi-Tasking Operating System In this type of OS several applications may be

simultaneously loaded and used in the memory. While the processor handles only one application at a

particular time it is capable of switching between the applications effectively to apparently simultaneously execute each application.

This type of operating system is seen everywhere today and is the most common type of OS, an example of which is the Windows operating system.



• 5. Multi-User Operating System This type of OS allows multiple users to use the system

simultaneously. Here as well, the processor splits its resources and handles one user at a time, but it does this at such a high speed and so efficiently that it seems that users are simultaneously using the system. Some network systems utilize this kind of operating system.

• 6. Distributed Operating System In a distributed system, software and data may be

distributed around the system. Programs and files may be stored on different storage devices which are located in different geographical locations and may be accessed from different computer terminals.



• There are still more types of OSs according to different classifications, such as

Network Operating System Time Sharing Operating System Desktop Operating System Server Operating System Embedded Operating Systemand so forth.

• While we are mostly accustomed to seeing multi-tasking and multi-user operating systems, the other operating systems are usually used in companies and firms to power special systems.



•Most Commonly-used OS The most widely used contemporary desktop operating

systems include Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, and Unix-like systems such Linux and the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution). Here is an overview on each system:

1 、 Windows2 、 UNIX/Linux3 、 Macintosh



•1. Windows Windows is the popular Microsoft brand preferred

by most personal users. This system has come a long way from version 1.0 all the way up to the new Vista and soon to be released Windows 7. Although Windows has made strides in regard to security, it has a reputation for being one of the most vulnerable systems.



•2. Unix/Linux The Unix operating system has been around for

years, and it is well known for its stability. Unix is often used more as a server than a workstation. Linux was based on the Unix system, with the source code being a part of GNU open-source project. Both systems are very secure yet far more complex than Windows.



•3. Macintosh Recent versions of the Macintosh operating

system, including the Mac OS X, follow the secure architecture of Unix. Systems developed by Apple are efficient and easy to use, but can only function on Apple branded hardware.

For mainframe computers, IBM, with its z/OS, dominates the operating system technologies.



•Exercises I 1. ______ are usually used to control complex

systems that require a lot of processing like machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems.

A. Batch Processing systems B. Real-time systems C. Distributed systems D. Multi-Tasking systems

B



•Exercises I 2. Windows operating system is an example

of______ . A. Batch Processing systems B. Real-time systems C. Distributed systems D. Multi-Tasking systems

D



•Exercises I 3. ______ was based on the Unix system, with

the source code being a part of GNU open-source project.

A. Linux B. Windows C. Macintosh D. z/OS

A



•Exercises I 4. For ______, IBM, with its z/OS, dominates the

operating system technologies. A. personal computers B. supercomputers C. mainframe computers D. workstation computers

C



•Exercises II

1. Batch Processing OS 2. Distributed OS 3. Single User OS 4. Real-time OS5. Embedded OS6. Multi-Tasking OS 7. Open Source OS8. Server OS9. Time Sharing OS10. Network OS

( ) a. 服务器操作系统( ) b. 批处理操作系统( ) c. 开源操作系统( ) d. 分时操作系统( ) e. 实时操作系统( ) f. 多任务操作系统( ) g. 网络操作系统( ) h. 单用户操作系统( ) i. 分布式操作系统( ) j. 嵌入式操作系统

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10



•Exercises III attack protection Linux Windows anti-virus viruses

The debate about whether Linux needs anti-virus 1._________ will probably never end. The way Linux is designed makes it difficult for viruses to work the way they do in a 2._________ environment.But it’s not impossible for someone to find a way to 3._________ Linux. Another consideration is that while a virus in an email might not affect a 4._________ computer, the email and its associated virus might wreak havoc if it found its way via your computer to a friend using Windows.Getting rid of any 5._________ on your PC, whether they are harmful to your system or not, is probably the right thing to do. Thankfully, there are some Linux 6._________ programs, namely AVG and ClamAV.

protection

Windows

attack

Linux

viruses

Anti-virus



Section 2 Passage B Comparison between Linux and Windows

1 、 Windows 是同学们比较熟悉的操作系统，请回顾 Windows 的发展史。

2 、对于 Linux 你了解有多少？


Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B

• GPL• developer• function• bug• SCSI• private• Graphical User Interface• command line• mouse• navigate• drop-down menu• dialog box• button• tab• icon• Windows Mobile• license copy• variant

• version

• reboot

• utility

• freeware

• Gimp

• OpenOffice

• StarOffice

• Wine

• driver

• manufacturer

• attack

• vulnerable

• virus

• online

• documentation



• Developed by Linus Torvalds and friends and first introduced in 1991, Linux is a freely available multitasking and multi-user operating system.

• From the outset, Linux was placed under General Public License (GPL). The system can be distributed, used and expanded free of charge. In this way, developers have access to all the source codes, thus being able to integrate new functions easily or to find and eliminate programming bugs quickly. Thereby drivers for new adapters (SCSI controller, graphics cards, etc.) can be integrated very rapidly.

• Presently, Linux is successfully being used by several millions of users worldwide. The composition of user groups varies from private users, training companies, universities, research centers to commercial users and companies, who view Linux as a real alternative to other operating systems.



• Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.

• Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985, which eliminates the need for a user to have to type each command at a command line, like MS-DOS, by using a mouse to navigate through drop-down menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world’s personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously.

• As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7, the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2, and the most recent mobile device version is Windows Mobile 6.5



• Users who are considering making a change from Windows to Linux or vice versa commonly want to know the advantages and disadvantages of each of the operating systems. Below is an illustration of the major advantages and disadvantages of each of these operating systems.

1. Price2. Ease 3. Reliability 4. Software 5. Software Cost 6. Hardware 7. Security 8. Open Source 9. Support



• 1. Price The majority of Linux variants are available for free or at a much

lower price than Microsoft Windows, while Microsoft Windows can run between $50.00 - $150.00 US dollars per each license copy.

• 2. Ease Although the majority of Linux variants have improved

dramatically in ease of use, Windows is still much easier to use for beginners. Microsoft has made several advancements and changes that have made it much easier to use, and although arguably it may not be the easiest operating system, it is still easier than Linux.

• 3. Reliability Most Linux variants and versions are notoriously reliable and can

often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted. Although Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it still cannot match the reliability of Linux.



• 4. Software Linux has a large variety of available software programs, utilities,

and games. However, Windows has a much larger selection of available software because of the large amount of Microsoft Windows users.

• 5. Software Cost Many of the available software programs, utilities, and games

available on Linux are freeware and/or open source. Even such complex programs such as Gimp, OpenOffice, StarOffice, and Wine are available for free or at a low cost. In contrast, although Windows does have software programs, utilities, and games for free, the majority of the programs will cost anywhere between $20.00 - $200.00+ US dollars per copy.



• 6. Hardware This is where Windows shows great advantages. Although

Linux companies and hardware manufacturers have made great advancements in hardware support for Linux and today Linux will support most hardware devices, many companies still do not offer drivers or support for their hardware in Linux. Because of the larger number of Microsoft Windows users and the broader driver support, Windows has a much larger support for hardware devices and a good majority of hardware manufacturers will support their products in Microsoft Windows.

• 7. Security Linux is and has always been a very secure operating system.

Although it still can be attacked when compared to Windows, it has been much more secure. Even if Microsoft has made great improvements over the years with security on their operating system, their operating system continues to be the most vulnerable to viruses and other attacks.



• 8. Open Source Many of the Linux variants and many Linux programs are open

source and enable users to customize or modify the code however they wish to. Microsoft Windows is not open source and the majority of Windows programs are not open source.

• 9. Support Although it may be more difficult to find users familiar with all

Linux variants, there are vast amounts of available online documentation and help, available books, and support available for Linux. Microsoft Windows includes its own help section, has vast amount of available online documentation and help, as well as books on each of the versions of Windows.



• Exercises I 1. ( ) The majority of Linux variants are available for free or

at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows. 2. ( ) Most Windows versions are notoriously reliable and can

often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted.

3. ( ) Though many of the available software programs, utilities, and games available on Linux are freeware and/or open source, such complex programs such as Gimp, OpenOffice, StarOffice, and Wine must be bought at a high price.

4. ( ) Windows has a much larger support for hardware devices than Linux.

5. ( ) Microsoft operating system is the most vulnerable to viruses and other attacks.

6. ( ) It is a lot easier to find users familiar with all Linux variants than those with Windows.

T

F

F

T

T

F



•Exercises II 1. Developed by ____________ and friends and first

introduced in 1991, Linux is a freely available ____________ and ____________ operating system.

2. Microsoft Windows eliminates the need for a user to have to ___________________________, like MS-DOS, by using a _______ to navigate through ____________, ___________, buttons, tabs, and icons.

3. From the outset, Linux was placed under ______. The system can be distributed, used and expanded _________. Developers have access to all the ____________, thus being able to integrate new functions easily or to find and eliminate _______________ quickly.

4. The most recent client version of Windows is ________, the most recent server version is _____________, and the most recent mobile device version is _________________.

Linus Torvalds

multitasking multi-user

type each command at a command linemouse drop-down menus

dialog boxesGPLfree of charge

source codes

programming bugs

Windows 7Windows Server R2

Windows Mobile 6.5



•Exercises II 5. The composition of Linux user groups varies from

private users, _______________, universities, ____________ to commercial users and ________, who view Linux as a ____________ to other operating systems.

6. Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world’s _______________ market, overtaking _________, which had been introduced previously.

7. Many of the __________ and many __________ are open source and enable users to ____________ the code however they wish to.

8. Microsoft Windows includes its own __ section, has vast amount of available ______________ and help, as well as books on ____________ of Windows.

training companies

research centers companies

personal computer

real alternative

Mac OS

Linux variants Linux programs

customize or modify

help

online documentationeach of the versions


Unit 3 Section 3• Computer English Reading, Part 3

计算机句法的特点 1 ．陈述句 2 ．祈使句 3 ．被动语态 4 ．复合句 5 ．非谓语动词 6 ．一般时态和现在完成时态 7 ．用虚拟语气 8 ．多用某些常用句型


Unit 3 Section 4

• Some Changes in Windows 7 Taskbar 1. Taskbar 2. Pop-ups and Jump Lists 3. Action stations

• Google to Launch Rival to Windows as It Challenges Microsoft’s Dominance

• Apple Boosts Its System’s Speed

• Tips for common PC problems: How to reduce your PC’s start-up time

Documents

Unit 3 Operation System 《计算机专业英语》 潘 果. 计算机专业英语 Unit 3 Operation System Section1 Situational Dialog System Crash Section 2 Passages Passage A. Categories

Unit 3 Operation System 《计算机专业英语》潘果. 计算机专业英语 Unit 3 Operation System Section1 Situational Dialog System Crash Section 2 Passages Passage A. Categories