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Unit 4: BIOCHEMISTRY
The chemicals of life
A. Atoms
1. Made of 3 Particles:
a. _________ - located in the _________
_________ charge; determine the element
b. _________ – located in the ________
no charge = neutral
c. ___________ - orbit outside nucleus
_________ charge
cause chemical __________
Atoms are the _________ unit of matter
B. Elements
1. H = __________ – ____ bond2. O = __________ – ____ bonds3. N = __________ – ____ bonds4. C = __________ – ____ bonds5. Other essential elements: Phosphorus (___) Iron(___) Zinc(___) Calcium(___) Sulfur(__) Sodium(___) Potassium(___)
A __________ atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces
C. Molecules (_____________)
1. ________ – caused by elements ___________________ stores ________ in the molecule2. __________ = chains of repeating small units3. _______ - shows the composition of a compound
Molecular formula - indicates the actual nos. and kinds of atoms in a molecule
Structural Formula - how the atoms are arranged or held together
C6H12O6
combinations of ________
D. Inorganic Compounds
1. Don’t contain _________________________ together. 2. Examples: Water (______) Carbon dioxide (_____) Salts (________) Ammonia (_______)
not the same as what you know from your foods
E. Organic CompoundsCompounds that contain both _________________ in the same molecule
1. Carbohydrates a. Examples: i. ________ = ______________________ simple, ___________ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose
ii. _________ = _______________ _________ of monosaccharides ____________ carbohydrates __________, ________, chitin
iii. The names of most carbohydrates end in ______
b. Elements:
Carbohydrates Always contain _________
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
CarboHYDRates always have
2Hydrogen :1Oxygen ratio
All carbohydrates have this ____________
Examples:
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
C40H88O44
c. Subunits: __________________
i. all complex carbohydrates are combinations of simple sugars joined together by _____________________
ii. ____________ ___________ _______________
iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide subunit
iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate
d. Function:
- Primary source of ___________________________
- 4 kcal/gram
- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the ________ in most
diets
2. Lipids All lipids are _________________ organic molecules a. Examples: i. ______ ii. ______ iii. ______
b. Elements
i. always contain ______ ______
ii. Usually ______ number of atoms
iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is ______ ______ between hydrogen and oxygen
C12H24O2
C54H102O6
c. Subunits: ______ ______ ______ ______i. Glycerol
ii. Fatty Acid – has ______ (acid group) on the end
iii. Joined together by ______ ______ ______
d. Function
i. Long term ______ ______
ii. _____ __ and ______ ____
iii. Make up ______ ______
3. Proteinsa. Examples: Hair, Nails, _________, ___________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, ____________Specific Proteins: ______ ______, ______, ______, Actin, Myocin, keratin
b. Elements:
i. Always Contain ______ ______
ii. N = ______
iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus
c. Subunits: ______ ______i. All proteins are made from chains of amino acids.ii. Amino Acids
small organic molecules with an ______ ______ and an ______ ______ ______
R – is a _____ group of atoms that changes with each
__________
iii. ______ ______ = chains of amino acids
iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Peptide Bond
d. Function i. ______ ______ ______ of cells cell receptor, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ______ ______ specialized protein molecules that make reactions happen iii. Chemical messengers ______ ______ iv. ______ ______ protect the body from infection
______ ______ is DETERMINED by the
______ ______ of the Protein
SHAPE is DETERMINED by the __________ ______ ______ ______
4. Nucleic Acids
i. Examples
● ______ – deoxyribonucleic acid
● ______ – ribonucleic acid
● ______ ______, controls protein production
ii. Elements
______ ______ ______
iii. Subunit:
______ ______ ______
3 parts:
a. __________
b. __________ (ribose or deoxyribose)
c. ________________ (Has nitrogen)
DNA – adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA – adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
iv. Function
- Carry hereditary information
- __________ for making proteins
- The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the order of amino acids
- The order of amino acids determines the protein
F. Biochemical Reactions 1. Dehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven off
__________ = Make bigger, build up
__________ = remove H2O Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind together
2. Hydrolysis
chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler
molecules by adding water
opposite of dehydration synthesis
G. Enzymes
1. Enzymes are Specialized __________
2. Generally their names end in –ase
Amylase, protease, lipase
3. __________ __________
- __________ __________ without being changed
themselves.
- Involved in __________ chemical reaction in your body
4. Enzymes Structure
a. Enzymes are __________ so the structure is determined by the __________ __________.
b. __________
Area on the enzyme that __________ the reaction
Active Site has a __________ ________ specific molecules
c. __________ substance the enzyme works ond. Enzyme Substrate Complex __________ formed when the enzyme and substrate __________e. __________ what is left over after the enzyme does its work
ENZYME
ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
ACTIVE SITESUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
ProductsENZYME
f. __________ __________
i. Enzymes are very specific to the substrate they fit. SHAPE
ii. Lock and Key Model
Enzyme and substrate __________ __________
Just like one lock has one key that fits it
COENZYME
iii. Induced Fit Model
More realistic model of enzyme activity
Enzyme __________ with the help of a coenzyme to
fit substrate
Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate
molecules
Coenzymes are enzyme helpers
5. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity
a. __________
- Enzymes have an __________ temperature at which they work (__________)
- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases
for the most part
- If temp is too high, protein becomes __________ (__________ in shape) and no longer works. COOKED!
b. pH = Power of Hydrogen
- scale that measures the strengths of _________________
- 1 – 14
1 - 7 = __________ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid
7 = __________
7 – 14 = ________ – closer to 14 the stronger the base
- Like temperature enzymes work at an __________
- at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be __________– too high or too low.
c. __________
- The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point.
- As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “__________”