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Unit 4 IB History of Europe - McQuaid
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UNIT 4
VICTORIAN BRITAIN
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Major events under the reign of Queen Victoria
(1837-1901)– 1837: The foundation of the Chartist Movement.
– 1845-50: The Irish Famine.– 1846: Repeal of the Corn Laws.– 1848-1875: Public Health Acts.– 1850: Factory Act and industrial growth.– 1851: The Great Exhibition.– 1854-1856: The Crimean War.– 1867: The Second Reform Act.– 1870: The Education Act.– 1884: The Third Reform Act.– 1899-1902: The Boer War.
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4.2:
British Foreign Policy 1815-1865
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Foreign Policy Goals
–a determination to keep the peace in Europe.
–to pursue policies to help trade.
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Foreign Policy Methods
–Diplomacy.–Balance of Power in Europe.–Containment of France.–Colonial Expansion.
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4.3:
The Industrial Revolution
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The Agricultural Revolution
– 1700: The weather improved, producing the first good harvest in seven years.
– 1701: Jethro Tull developed the seed drill and the horse-drawn hoe.
– 1730: Charles Townshend introduced Four Year Crop Rotation from Holland.
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The Agricultural Revolution
– 1731: Tull published his book “Horse Hoeing Husbandry”.
– 1755: Robert Bakewell produced Leicester sheep by selective breeding methods.
– 1770: Potatoes were grown for the first time in England.
– 1784: Small developed an iron plough.
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The Importance of the Agricultural Revolution –Enough food was available to support city workers.
–Falling food prices meant people had more money to spend on consumer goods.
–More wool was available for the cotton industry.
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Why did the Industrial Revolution Begin in
England?–Geography (natural waterways, coal and iron deposits).
–Political (East India Trading Company, democratic government).
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Why did the Industrial Revolution Begin in
England?–Economics (wealthy nation, colonies provided a market and raw materials).
–Social (Enclosure acts).–Technological (excellent ports, agricultural revolution, Royal Academy).
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4.4:
Industrial Technology
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The First Industrial Revolution: Textiles and
Steam (1712-1830)– 1733: John Kay invents the
Flying Shuttle– 1764: James Hargreaves invents
the spinning jenny.– 1769: Richard Arkwright patents
the water frame.– 1785: Edmund Cartwright
patents the power loom.
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The First Industrial Revolution
–1793: Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.
–1807: Robert Fulton begins steamboat service on the Hudson River.
–1830: George Stephenson begins rail service between Liverpool and London.
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Phase 1: The Cotton Industry
–The Water Frame.–The Cotton Gin.–The Mule.
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Phase 2: The Quest for Power
–Coal.–Steam
–.
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4.5:
Railways
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Development of the Railroads
–1830: The 30 mile Liverpool to Manchester line opened.
–1833: The Leicester-Swanington Line for coal transportation was opened.
–1835: The Great Western Railway began.
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Development of the Railroads
–1842: Queen Victoria made her first railway journey. 1845: 30 million rail passengers are carried.
–1855: 111 million rail passengers are carried.
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Economic Effects of Railroads
–Railways increased the national income by 11%.
–Railways were exported to other countries (Canada and Russia).
–Reliable transportation increased development in other areas.
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Social Effects of the Railroads
–Standardization of Time.–Railways linked communities which were vast distances apart.
–Suburbs began to develop.–Leisure activities grew.
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4.6:
The Corn Laws
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The Corn Laws
–Arguments against the Corn Laws.
–The Anti-Corn Law League.–Arguments in favor of the repeal of the Corn Laws.
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4.7:
Medical Developments
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Medical Developments
–The Miasma Theory.–The Bacterial Theory.–The Germ Theory.
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4.8:
City Life
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City Life
– Reasons for the Population Growth.– Effects of the Growth of Factories– Life in the Cities.– Why the great rise of cities?– Diet.– Leisure.– Disease (Typhoid and Cholera).
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4.9
Activism Against Effects of
Industrialization
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Activism Against Effects of Industrialization
–Robert Owen.–Trade Union Movements.–Chartism.–Effects of the Chartist Movement.
–Significance of Chartism.
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4.10
Improvement in the Lives of the Working
Class
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Important Legislation:
– 1819: Cotton Factory Act.– 1833: The Factory Act. Government
Factory Inspectors were appointed to enforce this law.
– 1836: Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages.
– 1842: The Mines Act. Inspectors of Mines were appointed to enforce the law.
– 1844: The Factory Act.
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Important Legislation
– 1847: The Ten hour Act limited women and children to ten hour workdays.
– 1848: The Public Health Bill – 1850: The Ten Hour Act set the
working day for all workers at 10 and a half hours.
– 1860: The first pure-food act was passed but provided no system of enforcement.
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The Poor Laws
–The Old Poor Law.–The 1834 Poor Law.
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4.11
Assessment of the Industrial Revolution
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Assessment of the Industrial Revolution
–Political Effects–Economic Effects–Social Effects
