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Unit 4 Introduction…. Internal Systems and Regulation. The Vitruvian Man. Symmetry of the human body…and the Universe! a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 4 Introduction…
Internal Systems and Regulation
The Vitruvian ManSymmetry of the human body…and the Universe!• a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) • the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his
height • the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is
one-tenth of a man's height • the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of
the chin is one-eighth of a man's height • the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a
man's height • the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth
of a man's height • the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height • the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face
Da Vinci’s Anatomical Sketches
A Little Food History!
• 400 BC: Hippocrates said that food was medicine…but couldn’t tell people which foods to eat.
• 1800’s – Salem, NJ: Sam Johnson ate a tomato in public to prove that they were not poisonous.
Dr. NO!
• 1800’s – Minister Sylvester Graham told everyone not to:
• Eat meat (It leads to sex)• Use spices• Drink Caffeine• Drink Alcohol• Go to the Doctor (They bleed you out!)• An unhealthy diet simulated sexual
desire which irritated the body and led to disease.
• His followers were called “Grahamites”• His substitute for sex was…
The ‘Graham’ Cracker!
To Eat or Not to Eat…
• Our food is full of chemicals…an apple contains over 300 different compounds
• We are skeptical about food because technology has allowed us to measure in parts per trillion!
• 1 pp trillion is the same as 1 second in 32 000 years!
• “Paralysis by analysis”
Who do you trust?
• Harvey and Marilyn Diamond
• Claimed that enzymes are “life force”
• Women shouldn’t have sex when pregnant because it would cut off oxygen to the fetus
• Lots of bad/unscientific advice out there!
HomeostasisAll of our organ systems work togetherto maintain Homeostasis
Homeostasis is a steady internal state, keeps conditions in the body constant.
Examples:1. Blood Pressure (circulatory
system)2. Respiration Rate (respiratory
system)3. Body Temperature (circulatory
system)4. Blood Sugar (digestive and
circulatory)
The brain and the adrenal system(hormones) do most of the regulating.
The Digestive System
Just Eat It!
Betcha didn’t know that…
• Your intestines are 7.5 metres long!• A horse’s intestines are 27 metres long!• Digestion from mouth to anus takes ~72 hrs!• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50
tons o’ food!• The average person eats about 1.4 kg of food per day!• 1.5 litres of saliva are produced each day!• An adult’s stomach can hold about 1.5 litres!• Each day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive
juices flow through the digestive system…but only 100mLs are lost in faeces!
Nutrition Basics
Remember the ‘big three’?• Carbohydrates
(glucose needed for cellular resp.)• Proteins
(amino acids are building blocks)• Lipids
(long term E storage)
There are three more players
that are vital to our survival…
Vitamins• Individual Units…not long
chains• They assist in the release of
energy form Carbs, Fats and PRO’s (coenzymes)
• Measured in milligrams (mg)• 13 different vitamins
Examples: • Vitamin C…infection resistance
and prevention of scurvy (oranges).
• Vitamin A…helps us to see better (found in carrots)
• Vitamin D…bone mineralization (if not enough…Rickets!)
Minerals
• Inorganic elements• They do not yield
energy• 16 are known to be
essential to humans
Examples:• Calcium (bones), Iron
(blood cells), Zinc (enzymes), Fluorine (nice teeth!)
Water
• Provides the environment in which nearly all the body’s activities are conducted.
• Helps with metabolic reactions
• Transporter of vital materials and waste products
Healthy Eating & Exercise
• Canada’s Food Guide
• Government recommendations
Regular Exercise
Builds muscle
Increases metabolism
(body’s ‘burning’ of energy)
Decreases body fat
“24 Hour Food Challenge”
• How did you do?
• Daily Calorie
Requirements
Anorexia Nervosa
• Significant weight loss resulting from excessive dieting.
• Motivated by the strong desire to be thin and a fear of becoming obese.
• Anorexics usually strive for perfection.
Signs and Symptoms
• Noticeable weight loss • Becoming withdrawn • Excessive exercise • Always being cold • Muscle weakness • Obsession with food, calories, recipes • Excuses for not eating meals (ie. ate
earlier, not feeling well)
Physical/Medical Complications
• Fatigue and lack of energy • Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) • Skin problems • Dizziness and headaches • Dehydration • Shortness of breath • Irregular heartbeats, cardiac failure…
death.
Bulimia
• A cycle of binge eating followed by purging to try and rid the body of unwanted calories.
• A binge is different for all individuals.
Signs and Symptoms
• Binge eating
• Secretive eating (food missing)
• Bathroom visits after eating
• Vomiting
• Laxative, diet pill or diuretic abuse
• Weight fluctuations (usually with 10-15 lb range)
Physical/Medical Complications
• Fatigue and lack of energy
• Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) and irregular menstruation
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Dehydration
Types of Digestion
• As food travels down the alimentary canal it must be broken down into monomers so that our cells can use them.
• They need to be small enough to pass through the villi and into the bloodstream.
Mechanical Digestion
• Chewing, Mixing, Emulsifying
• Done with the teeth• Peristalsis:
Muscular contractions move the bolus (food ball) along the digestive tract.
Chemical Digestion
• Performed by enzymes• Uses the process of hydrolysis to break
down polymers into monomers.
Question:
HOW DO WE KEEP FROM DIGESTING OURSELVES??
Answer:
• Line the entire system with mucus!!
• Lined from the cardiac sphincter to the anus.
• Where is there no mucus?
• Esophagus…Acid reflux (heartburn)
Acid Reflux…OUCH!