UNIT 4

LIVING THINGS

THE CELLS

Living things have in common that they perform all three vital functions.

All living things are made up of cells. Most cells are very small and can only

be seen through a microscope.

Cells are the basic units of life.

Three vital functions:

Nutrition: cells obtain nutrients and energy from food.

Reproduction: cells can divide and produce new cells that are identical

to themselves.

Sensitivity: cells react to what they perceive around them.

Depending on the number of cells, living thing can be classified into:

Unicellular: living thing made up of a single cell.

Multicellular: living thing made up of many cells. Animals and plants are

made up of millions of cells.

WHAT ARE CELLS LIKE?

Cells are very small, but they can be very different from each other. For

example:

-Brain cells are much bigger than red blood cells.

Also, there are cells with different shapes: they can be round, elongated,

flat, star-shaped, etc.

THE PARTS OF A CELL

Cells have three main parts:

Membrane: this is the covering around the cell.

Nucleus: this is the part that controls the functions of the cell.

Cytoplasm: this is jelly-like material, composed mainly of water,

between the nucleus and the membrane. It contains the organelles,

which carry out different functions of the cell.

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

All animal and plant cells have a membrane, a nucleus and a cytoplasm with

organelles. Differences between both:

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall around membrane. That is why the

stems and branches of some plants are so hard.

Plant cells have specialized organelles called chloroplasts that absorb

sunlight, which plants need to make their food and produce oxygen.

Plants cells are usually bigger than animal cells and have a regular

shape, normally prismatic. Animal cells can have many different

shapes.

Activity

1. Answer the questions:

What are cells?

What are cells like?

What two types of the cells are there?

2. Draw an animal cell and a plant cell.

3. Match the columns

The membrane …is located between the membrane

and the nucleus.

The nucleus …carry out different functions and

are located in the cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm …controls the function of the cell.

The organelles …is the covering around the cell.

4. Complete the differences between animal cells and plant cells.

Animal cells Plant cells

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Multicellular living things are made up of many different types of cells. These

cells work together at different levels, called levels of organization.

Tissues

In multicellular living things, the groups of the same type of cells join

together to form tissues.

In animals we can find, for example, muscle tissue, which consists of muscle

cells, and bone tissue, which is part of the bone. Plants have dermal tissue,

which consists mainly of epidermal cells or potato tissue, rich in reserve

substances.

The cells from the same tissue perform a common function, for example,

muscle tissue cells produce movement.

Organs

Tissues join together to form organs. Different tissues in the same organ

work together to perform a common function.

For example, muscles, bones, the heart and the lungs are animal organs.

Leaves and flowers are plant organs.

The heart is an organ whose function is to boost blood to travel through

blood vessels. Most of it is made up of muscle tissue, but it also has other

types of tissues that make it work properly.

Systems

Organs join together to form systems. Organs in the same system work

together to perform a common function.

For example, the muscular system makes our body move, and the digestive

system enables our body to obtain the nutrients we need to live.

Apparatus

Organs or systems join together to form apparatus. Organs or systems in

apparatus work together to perform a common function, that work in a

coordinated way to perform a job.

For example, locomotor apparatus is formed by two systems (skeletal and

muscular), which work together to make the body move.

Organisms

All the different systems work together to form the organism, a living thing.

In a multicellular living thing, cells, tissues, organs and systems all work

together so the organism functions correctly.

In an unicellular living thing, such as bacteria, there is only the first level of

organization, the cell. This one cell has to carry out all the functions of living

things.

bone cell bone tissue organ bone skeletal system organism

Same with muscles

ACTIVITY

1. Are tissues alive? Explain.

TISSUES

Animal tissues

Animals have different types of tissues which perform different functions.

For example, these are the main types of tissues in mammals:

Bone tissue consists of bone

cells. It forms bones and

supports the body.

Nervous tissue is made up

of neurons. It carries

information to the brain

and responses to the rest

of the body.

Fat tissue consists of fat

cells. It is specialized in

storing fat.

Blood tissue is made up of blood

cells. It carries nutrients and

oxygen throughout the body.

Muscle tissue is made up of

muscles cells. It is

responsible for movements.

Epithelial tissue consists of

epithelial cells. It forms

the skin and provides

protection for the body.

Plant tissues

Plants also have different types of tissues. For example, these are the main

types of tissues in a tree:

ACTIVITIES

1. Copy and complete the table about animal tissues.

Tissue Made up of Function

2. Match each type of plant tissue to its function

dermal tissue transporting substances

ground tissue storing nutrients

vascular tissue protecting the plant

ACTIVITIES FINALLY

Dermal tissue covers

the leaves and young

stems, and provides

protection.

Ground tissue makes up most of the plant.

It provides support, stores nutrients and

performs photosynthesis.

Vascular tissue is

found in the xylem and

phloem vessels. It is

responsible for

transporting

substances.

1. Copy and complete the text in your notebook.

All living things are made up of____________. __________organisms

consist of a single cell, and ___________ organisms consist of many cells.

All cells have a membrane, a___________, and a cytoplasm with________.

Plant cells also have a cell wall and__________.

Cells join together to form __________, which are organized to form

organs, and organs are organized to form systems. All the systems form

an____________.

Different types of tissues perform different_________, for example, bone

tissues _________the body in animals and_________ tissue transports

substances in plants.

2. Copy and complete the diagram of the levels organization.

Cells-------___________----_________---____________----_________

3. Write the correct sentences

Cells are small, non-living units.

Most living thing are made up of cells.

The membrane controls the function of the cell.

Organelles are located inside the nucleus.

Animal cells have specialized organelles called chloroplast.

4. Explain the differences between unicellular and pluricellular living

things.

5. Define:

Tissue

Organs

Systems

Organism

6. Answer the questions.

What are the common characteristics to all living things?

What three functions do cells perform?

7. Draw an animal and a plant cell, and put the name of these parts.

UNIT 5

THE CLASSIFICATION

OF LIVIG THINGS

KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS. HOW ARE LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFIED?

Living things are classified into groups, called kingdoms. Living things from

the same kingdom share similar characteristics. There are five groups:

Animal kingdom: animals are multicellular. They feed one other living

things. Most animals can move about.

Plant kingdom: Plants are multicellular. They make their own food.

Plants cannot move about because they are fixed by roots.

Fungi kingdom: Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular. They feed on

other living things and cannot move about.

Protista kingdom: can be cellular or multicellular. Some protists, like

algae, can make their own food.

Monera kingdom: are unicellular. This kingdom includes bacteria, which

can make their own food.

Monera Protista Fungi Plant Animal

ACTIVITY

1.Match

Animals unicelular

Plants pluricelular

Fungi can make their own food

Protists feed on other organisms

monerans

2. Write similarities and differences between the following living things.

-animals and plants. -plants and algae -animals and fungi

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Animals are multicellular organism that eat other living things and can move

about. They are divided into two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates.

VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES

Have an internal skeleton made up of

bones, which includes a backbone

(ring-like bones called vertebrae).

There are five group: mammals,

birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

Do not have an internal skeleton

made up of bones, do not have a

backbone.

Most them are oviparous and

aquatics.

There are five groups: sponges,

cnidarians, worms, molluscs,

echinoderms, arthropods

VERTEBRATES

Mammals: they are viviparous and the females produce milk to feed

their young. Their bodies are covered with fur or hair. They breathe with

lungs. Most mammals have legs. Example: lion, Kangaroos...

Birds: They are oviparous, take care of their young, their bodies are

covered with feathers, they breathe with lungs and they have two legs and

two wings.

Reptiles: they are oviparous, their skin is covered with scales, they

breathe with lungs and most them have legs.

Amphibians: they are oviparous, they breathe through gills when they

are young, and with lungs when they are adults. Adult amphibians have legs.

Fish: they are oviparous, their bodies are covered with scales, they

breathe through gills and they have fins.

INVERTEBRATES

Sponges: they are aquatic and live attached to surfaces beneath the

sea. They filter seawater through tiny holes to obtain the food.

Cnidarians: they have soft bodies with poisonous tentacles to catch

their prey. Some can move about; others are attached to surfaces beneath

the sea.

Worms: they have long, soft bodies. They do not have legs. Some

worms are terrestrial and some are aquatic.

Molluscs: they have soft bodies. Many molluscs have a hard external

shell. Most molluscs are aquatic, but some live on land.

Echinoderms: they are marine animals. They have an internal skeleton

made up of plates. Many echinoderms have spines.

Arthropods: they have an external skeleton, jointed legs and a

segmented body. They include insect, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods.

Activity

INVERTEBRATES

1. Write the names of the groups of invertebrates and vertebrates.

Vertebrates Invertebrates.

THE PLANT KINGDOM

Plants are multicellular living things that can make their own food and cannot

move about. All plants can be classified into two main groups:

No-seed plant Seed plants

Do not produce flowers and seeds.

They reproduce with spores.

These are special cells with a

resistant covering.

They can form new plants.

There are two types: mosses and

ferns

They reproduce with seeds. Seeds

contain a miniature plant, Know as

the embryo, a seed coat and food

store.

When the seed germinates, the food

store supplies the embryo with

nutrients.

There are two types: gymnosperms

and angiosperms.

No- seed plant:

Mosses: they are very small plants. They lived in humid and shady

places, and grow on rocks, tree trunks and in the ground. They have tiny

stems and leaves. Their spores are inside a capsule at the end of a long

filament.

Ferns: they are much larger than mosses. They also live in humid and

shady places. They have large leaves called fronds. Their spores are inside

dark spots, called sori, on the underside of the leaves.

Seed plants:

Gymnosperms: they do not produce flowers or

fruits. They produce seeds, which are grouped

MOSSES FERNS

together in cones. They are evergreen trees and shrubs with needle or scale-

shaped leaves. Pine trees and firs are gymnosperms.

Angiosperms: they are flowering plants. They produce flowers and

fruits which contain seeds. They can be deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs

or grasses. Example: apple trees, lavender, grass and poppies.

ACTVITIES

1. Match:

Angiosperms are non-sees plants with spores in capsules.

Mosses have spores on the underside of their leaves.

Gymnosperms are flowering plant with seeds inside fruits.

Ferns are plants with seeds inside cones.

2. Identify the type of the plant. Explain your answer.

GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS

ACTIVITIES FINALLY

1.-Copy and complete the text in your notebook.

Living things are classified into five____________:__________, plants,

fungi, ________ and monerans. Plants and animals are__________. Animals

can______ ________, but plants cannot. Plants can make their own

________, but animals cannot. _______ feed on other living things and

cannot move about. They can be multicellular or unicellular. Protists can be

unicellular or multicellular. They include_______. Monerans are unicellular.

They include________.

Animals can be _______, which have an internal______, or invertebrates,

which do not have one.

Plants are classified into:

No-seed plants, such as________ and ferns. These reproduce with

_________.

Seed-plants, such as gymnosperms and ___________. These reproduce with

seeds.

UNIT 6

FUNGI AND OTHER

KINGDOMS

THE FUNGI KINGDOM

Fungi are different living things from plants and animals. Like plants, they

cannot move about and many of them grow in soil. Like animals, fungi cannot

make their own food.

Fungi can feed on other organisms or their remains. Therefore, they can be

found not only on the ground, but also on pieces of wood or on decomposing

food.

TYPES OF FUNGI

Yeasts: unicellular fungi

Mushrooms (such as chanterelle) and moulds (such a bread mould,

which form a kind of fluff): multicellular fungi.

FUNGUS FEEDING

All feed on other living beings or their remains.

- Decomposers: feed on remains of plants and animals or food in poor

condition.

- Parasites: causing diseases to plants.

- Fungi associated with other organisms, produced benefits, such as

lichen (In this case, the fungus provides moisture to the algae and

this, provides food to the fungus).

Some fungi produce mushrooms, which is only the visible part of a fungus.

The main part of these fungi grows beneath the soil, and can be several

Kilometers long. In autumn and spring, the fungi grow above ground as

mushrooms so they can reproduce. The main parts of a mushroom are the

cap, the gills, the ring and the stem.

1. Draw a mushroom and put the names of these parts.

FUNGI AND PEOPLE

Some fungi are beneficial to people, but others can be harmful.

Beneficial:

- Can produce edible mushroom

- Medicines, like penicillin, are produced by fungi.

- Blue cheese is made from mould and bread is made from yeast.

Harmful:

-Can produce poisonous mushrooms, which can be deadly.

-Athletes foot is an infection caused by a fungus.

-Black mould is very toxic and can cause respiratory problems.

ACTIVITIES:

1.- Look at the picture and answer the question:

-Which living thing can you see?

-Which Kingdom does it belong to?

-Is this living thing unicellular or multicellular?

2.- What are the differences between the two large groups of multicellular

fungi?

3.- Differences between fungi and animals and between fungi and plants.

THE PROTISTAS KINGDOM

Protists include two very different types of organism: algae and protozoa.

PROTOZOA

Protozoa are unicellular living things that live in aquatic environments. They

are visible under a microscope. They feed on other organisms. Some protozoa

can cause diseases, like malaria.

There is a great variety of protozoa according to their form, the way they

move or the way they feed.

- The amoeba moves and captures its food through the pseudopods

or false feet it forms.

- The trypanosome moves thanks to the movement of the scourge

(flagella).

- The paramecium moves thanks to the movement of its cilia.

- The vorticella lived fixed to the ground and attracts food thanks

to the movement of its cilia.

ALGAE

Algae are aquatic living things that can be unicellular or multicellular. They

can make their own food. Some multicellular marine algae can grow to a very

large size.

Algae are very nutritious, so they are used as food in many countries. They

are also use a fertilizer and to produce cosmetics.

Main groups of algae: green algae, red algae and brown algae.

THE MONERA KINGDOM

Monerans are unicellular living things. This kingdom includes bacteria, the

most abundant of all living things.

BACTERIA

Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living things, and can only be seen

through a microscope.

Most bacteria feed on other organism, but some bacteria make their own

food.

Bacteria can be found everywhere in the world. They can live in all kinds of

environments: in water, soil, air or inside other living things.

Bacteria can have different forms: spherical, elongated, coma or spiral.

Some bacteria are helpful, like the ones used to make yoghurt, but others

are harmful, like the one causes cholera.

VIRUSES

Viruses are not included in any on the five kingdoms because they are not

considered living things. A virus is a not cell. It is a microscopic body that

can only reproduce inside living things. Many viruses cause illness.

ACTIVITIES:

1.- What characteristics do protozoa have? And algae?

2.- Complete these sentences:

a)_________and_________only live in aquatic environments.

b)_________can be multicellular.

c)_________and________can make their own food.

d)_________and________can be harmful.

3.- What are the principal characteristics of bacteria?

ACTIVITIES FINALLY

1.- Copy and complete the text in your notebook.

Fungi can be unicellular or__________. They feed on other living things or

their________and they cannot move about. Some fungi are________and

others are harmful.

Protists include_________and__________.

- Algae are aquatic living things that can be unicellular or

multicellular. The make their own________.

- All protozoa are______organisms that live in _________

enviroments. They feed on other living things.

_________are unicellular living things. They include_________, and can

live in all kinds of___________. Some bacteria can make their own food.

They can be beneficial or_________.

2.- Explain the differences and similarities between fungi, protists and

moneras.

UNIT 7

MATTER AND

ENERGY

FORMS OF ENERGY

All change in matter involve energy in one way or another.

Energy can exist in many forms: mechanical, chemical, electrical, light,

nuclear and thermal.

Each form of energy has its own characteristics.

Mechanical energy: All objects are mechanical energy. This is the energy of

an object due to its movements, called kinetic energy, and/or its positions,

called potential energy.

Moving objects have kinetic energy. The faster they move, the higher their

kinetic energy. In addition, objects with a larger mass have higher kinetic

energy than objects with a smaller mass when they are both moving with the

same speed.

Non-moving objects in high positions have potential energy, for example, a

book on a shelf. If the book falls off a shelf, its potential energy is converted

into kinetic energy.

Elastic objects can also have potential energy, for example, and elastic band.

When we stretch elastic band and let go, its potential energy is transformed

into kinetic energy.

Chemical energy: is stored in food, fuel and batteries. During chemical

reactions, this energy is transformed in other forms of energy.

-Food: mechanical and thermal energy.

-Fuel: mechanical or electrical energy.

-Battery: electrical energy.

Electrical energy: is produced by the movement of charged particles. It

essential for many objects: light, bulbs, appliances, elevators and trains. This

energy is produced from different forms of energy in power plant.

Light energy: comes from light sources, such as the Sun or light bulbs. Plants

use light energy for chemical reactions during photosynthesis. This energy

can be converted into electrical energy, which is taken in solar panels.

Nuclear energy: is stored in some substances, known as nuclear fuels, such

as uranium, and plutonium. Nuclear energy is mainly used to produce electrical

energy in nuclear power plants.

Thermal energy: is the energy in an object related to its temperature. The

higher the temperature of an object, the greater its thermal energy. For

example, a bowl of soup at 40 ºC has more thermal energy than a bowl of

gazpacho at 10ºC. In addition, at the same temperature, a larger mass has

more thermal energy.

ACTIVITY

1.- Name examples of each from of energy from your daily life.

THE MATTER AND SEPARATION

Matter is made up of one or more substances which, in turn, consist of tiny

particles, called atoms. Wood, plastic, air, water, oxygen and diamonds are

examples substances.

Types of matter:

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

-Contain only one type

of component which

cannot be separated

into other substances.

Water, salt, gold…

-Contain two or

more pure

substances. Sea

water, rocks…

Types of mixtures:

Heterogeneous Homogeneous or

solutions

- The different

components can be

distinguished.

-The different

components cannot

be distinguished.

Alloys: are homogeneous mixtures in which one or more components are

metals.

SEPARATION OF MIXTURES

Depending on the type of mixture, different methods of separation can be

used:

Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids, or solid with

different size particles, in the heterogeneous mixtures. The type of

sieve or filter used is based on the size of the solid particles.

Evaporation is used to separate solids from liquids in homogeneous

mixtures. When the liquid evaporates, the solids remain. This method

is used to separate salt from sea water in salt evaporation ponds. We

can heat liquids to speed up evaporation.

Distillation is used to separate liquids that have different boiling

points in homogeneous mixtures. The mixture is heated until one of

the liquids boils and turns to gas. This gas is condensed back into liquid

form and collected.

Decantation is used to separate substances of different density in

heterogeneous mixtures. For example, a decanter can be used to

separate a mixture of oil and water.

ACTIVITIES:

1.- Define and put one example of each one.

-pure substance -homogeneous mixtures

-heterogeneous mixtures -alloys

2.- What separation methods are being used for separating soups from the

noodles?

PHYSICAL CHANGES

Physical changes can be changes of the size, shape, colour or state of matter,

but they do not produce new substances. After a physical change, matter is

still made up of the same substances.

Matter exists in three different states:

SOLID LIQUID GASEOUS

Heating or cooling can cause change of state.

Some changes happen when heating matter.

Melting: Melting happens when solid turns into a liquid, for example,

when a metal is heated in a foundry to make different objects.

Vaporization: Vaporization occurs when liquid turns into a gas. It can

happen by: evaporation and boiling.

Sublimation: Sublimation happens when solid turns into a gas. Example:

in air fresheners.

Changes happen when cooling matter:

Condensation: Condensation happens when gas turns into a liquid.

Example: when a vapour from a hot shower steams up the bathroom

mirror.

Solidification: Solidification occurs when liquid turns into a solid.

Example: when the water becomes ice cubes in the freezer.

Reverse sublimation: Reverse sublimation happens when gas turns into

a solid. Example: when frost forms on a car.

MELTING AND BOILING POINTS

Every substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a fixed temperature. This

temperature is known as the melting point. In addition, every substance

changes from liquid to gas at a fixed temperature. This temperature is known

as the boiling point.

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Substances expand or increase in volume when heated. They contract or

decrease in volume when cooled.

ACTIVITIES

1.- Draw a diagram of the change of state.

2.- What changes of state are produced when a substance receive heat? And

when its lost?

3.- Answer the following questions

- What is the vaporization?

-How many types are there?

-Explain the differences between these.

CHEMICAL CHANGES

Chemical changes happen when the one substance transforms into another

substance. These changes involve chemical reactions in which atoms react

and regroup together differently.

Chemical reactions usually involve the production of gas, light or heat, and/or

colour change. They cannot be reversed. In some cases, the original matter

cannot be recovered.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

OXIDATION COMBUSTION FERMENTATION

Some metal

substances, such as

iron, combine with

oxygen in the presence

of water. Result: rust

is produced.

Some object or

substances are burned.

This reaction need

oxygen and produced

gases, light and heat.

Example: burning wood.

It happens in some

living things, such as

bacteria and yeast.

Example: bread.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Many important chemical reactions happen around us in everyday life, some

examples are:

-Combustion happens in vehicle engines and in thermal power plants

where electricity is produced.

-Many chemical reactions occur during cooking.

-In the food industry, different types of fermentation help to produce

many fermented foods.

- In the chemical industry, many products like medicines and plastics

are the result of chemical reactions.

-Many chemical reactions take place inside living things, for example, the

chemical reactions related to energy production from the nutrients in the

food.

ACTIVITIES:

1.- Identify the type of chemical reaction.

- a rusted bicycle -a lighted candle

-a snowflake -a broken mirror

-bread -yoghurt

2.-Effervescent tablets dissolve into water and produce carbon dioxide

bubbles. Do you think this is a chemical reaction? Explain.

ACTIVITIES FINALLY

1.- Copy and complete the text in your notebook.

Matter can exit as__________substances or___________. Mixtures can

be ___________ or homogeneous. These can be separated using different

methods, such as ________, ____________, ______________ and

___________.

Matter can undergo _________ or chemical changes. Physical changes can

affect the size, ______, colour or_____ matter, but the ___________

does not change. Changes of state are physical changes due to _______ or

cooling.

Chemical changes involve chemical reactions in which new _______ are

produced. Oxidation, ________ and fermentation are types of chemical

reactions.

All changes in matter require _____, which can exist in many forms: ______,

chemical, ________, light, __________ and __________.

2.- Complete the diagram about changes of states.

3.- Explain the differences between oxidation and combustion.

4.- Write the names of some of the elements in mixtures and solutions.