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IS goals: efficiency, improving effectiveness, improving decision- making Efficiency: –Speed, Cost, Time & Effort Effectiveness: –Quality of output, accuracy, presentation & comprehensiveness Improved decision-making –Requires 3 factors, sufficient information, communication and time
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Unit 4 Outcome 1, Spreadsheet software
Organisations and Information Needs, Ch 5
Goals of information systems • Types of decisions: (revised) strategic, tactical
and operational decisions.• Strategic Plan
– strategic plan is a process for identifying long term goals within an organisation
• Mission Statement– establishing a set of common goals that will help
accomplish the organisations aims – Objectives are small achievable tasks undertaken to
accomplish a big task– Distinguish b/w goals of non-profit & for-profit
organisations
IS goals: efficiency, improving effectiveness, improving decision-
making• Efficiency:
– Speed, Cost, Time & Effort• Effectiveness:
– Quality of output, accuracy, presentation & comprehensiveness
• Improved decision-making– Requires 3 factors, sufficient information,
communication and time
Role of H/W & S/W components of IS
• Spreadsheet Software, formats & conventions:– numbers right aligned in columns– -money values usually have two decimal places or none– -subtotals have a single line above the total– -grand totals have a single or double line below the total– -grand totals are in bold– -graphs and charts must have titles identifying the name of the
organisation and purpose of the graph or chart– -x and y axis must be labelled– -limit the number of items represented in a chart to five or six– Reports: centre a page on a sheet horizontally– -briefly explain the purpose of the spreadsheet and identify the author– -where cells require user input, clearly label what has to be entered, left
side of cell– -list all equations used in a separate document.
Spreadsheets, Validation
• Range checking, use of IF statements• Existence checking• Data type checking, eg. integers, date,
alignment of column• Restricted data entry, drop down menu• Validation alerts, pop up dialog boxes
Validation & Testing
• Validation – is involved with input; • testing is output; testing also checking
electronic validation • Testing:
– Functionality, eg. test formulas & functions, eg. test both upper & lower boundaries of range
– Presentation:• Appropriate audience, difficult to test• Test for formats & conventions• White space, fonts, consistent fonts & sizes, background
colors, etc
Testing• Usability testing; must be user friendly
– Easy accessible to users; – Hyperlinks work properly– Amount of scrolling– Worksheets clearly labelled– Can users accidentally delete formulas or chance
validation rules; input cells unprotected• Accessibility testing
– Does solution open at right w/sheet?– Font sizes easy to read; limited use of red & green
• Communication of message– Important information clear & obvious; keep it simple
Testing
• Difference b/w usability testing & accessibility testing:
• Usability testing focuses on whether all buttons & functions work correctly;
• Accessibility is focused on ease of use of spreadsheet and whether it conveys the message.
Efficient software functions:
• If function:– =IF(D2>=2000,"Gold",IF(D2>=1000,"Silver",IF
(D2>=50,"Bronze","")))• Sum• Count If
– =COUNTIF(E2:E19,"Gold")• Sum If
– =SUMIF(Fundraising_Homeroom,"7A",Fundraising_Amount)
Efficient software functions
• Use of naming ranges and Vlookup:– =VLOOKUP(E10,homeroom_totals,3)
• Cell protection• Graphs• Insert notes/comments• Relative & absolute cell references• Electronic validation
Efficient software functions:
• Sheet referencing• Conditional formatting: