Unit 5

CM 220

Basic guidelines

• The purpose of using citations is to give credit to ideas appropriately and to provide your reader with the details that they will need to find the material you are citing.

Basic Guidelines

• Citations really have two parts. The first is the Reference page that appears at the end of the essay. This page lists all the references you cite in alphabetical order. (Refer to reading in Unit 4 or APA Quick Reference Guide for proper format of these references based on reference type). The second is the parenthetical citation that you will use in your text that helps your reader identify the work listed on the ending reference page (in case they wish to investigate or learn more).

Basic Guidelines

• Direct quotations, summary, and paraphrase of material require an in-text citation.

Basic Guidelines

• Document in-text by citing the author’s last name and date of the works you are using in your essay. If there is no author, you want to cite the first few words in the article title in quotation marks.

Basic Guidelines

• Make your best attempt at citing correctly, and your teacher will help you so that by the final project everyone is close! Write the teacher with questions if you feel completely stumped.

Reference page.

Rogers, K. (1994). A comparison of clotting time of animals. Transfusion, 115(4) p.10.

Or from an electronic source:

Rogers, K. (1994) A comparison of clotting time of

animals. Transfusion, 115(4) p. 10. Retrieved May 15, 2008 from AABB articles database.

Basic Paraphrase

• Rogers (1994) compares the reaction times of red cells from a goat and those of a pig to study clotting factors. (I can locate this author on my references page by author and date of the study. Key information for citation—author and date– are present)

Basic Paraphrase (con’t)

• A recent study has shown that by comparing the reaction time of the red cells of a pig and those of a goat researchers can learn about the genetic deficiencies that lead to clotting disorders (Rogers, 1994).

Basic Direct Quotation

• It is important to the project that “the reaction time of the blood of a goat be compared with that of a pig with all parameters being equal” (Rogers, 1994). Incorporating quotation into grammar of your sentence.

• According to Rogers (1994), “The reaction time of the blood of a goat (will) be compared with that of a pig with all parameters being equal.” Using an introduction.

Basic Summary

• As a means of studying coagulation in humans and developing new drugs to reduce clotting, scientist have taken to performing comparing clotting factors in animals. By studying the effects of these new drugs in the blood of these animals, scientists can understand the mechanisms that allow the drug to work and work to perfect the reactions. Once the drugs are proven safe on animals, the trials will begin on humans (Rogers, 1994).

Practice

Humanitarian needs increase as conflict in Gaza contines. (January 7, 2009). The

American Red Cross. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2009: http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_312_8556,00.html

“The American Red Cross is extremely concerned about civilians caught in the fighting in the Gaza Strip and Israel who are in dire need of life-saving aid. Red Cross and Red Crescent partners on the ground report that hospitals have been damaged by the fighting and are overflowing with injured patients and running short of medical supplies and specialists. In addition, water supply lines have been severed and the power grid has been significantly damaged leaving medical facilities relying on generators at a time when fuel is scarce.”

Paraphrase

The conflict in Gaza is putting the citizens of that area in danger as water supplies are short and hospitals are crowded and running out of medical supplies (“Humanitarian need,” 2009).

Direct Quotation

• Humanitarian efforts are more important now that ever because “the American Red Cross is extremely concerned about civilians caught in the fighting in the Gaza Strip and Israel who are in dire need of life-saving aid” (“Humanitarian need,” 2009).

Direct quotation

On Wednesday, January 7, 2009, the Red Cross Reported, “The American Red Cross is extremely concerned about civilians caught in the fighting in the Gaza Strip and Israel who are in dire need of life-saving aid” (“Humanitarian need”).

Pre-writing

Brainstorming

Outlining

Listing

Diagramming

Free-writing