Unit 5 – Culture / Immigration Global Studies. Civics – the study of what it means to be a US citizen Citizen – a legally recognized member of the country

Unit 5 – Culture / Immigration

Global Studies

• Civics – the study of what it means to be a US citizen

• Citizen – a legally recognized member of the country– You are a citizen of both the US and Ohio

• Government – the organization, institutions, and individuals who exercise political authority on behalf of a group of people– Ones rights and responsibilities are determined

by the government in place in that country

American Ideals

• US Government and way of life is based on ideals of freedom and equality

• Laws protect the rights and freedoms of citizens– One must do their part to protect the heritage of

liberty

Freedoms of US citizens…other countries?

• Freedom to learn – public education, college• Freedom to choose a job or career – equal

opportunity• Live as we wish – must respect the rights of

others• Own possessions• Choose own spiritual belief• Travel and live anywhere in the US• First Amendment / Bill of Rights Freedoms

• Citizenship – you have a personal responsibility to be an active participant in a democracy

Qualities of a good citizen…• Behaving in a civil manner• Being fiscally responsible• Accepting responsibility for the consequences of

one’s actions• Practicing civil disclosure• Becoming and staying informed on public issues• Voting• Taking action on public issues• Providing a public service• Serving on juries

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship…

Right Responsibility

Voting Staying informed on the issues

Jury Trial Serving on Juries

Having Rights Respecting the Rights of Others

Government by the people…

• People rule through the officials they elect

• Elected officials are responsible to those who elected them– Can be voted out or impeached

Our American Culture…

How it was formed…

Early Americans…• Native Americans – came from Siberia

– 12,000-40,000 year ago– Moved across North, Central, South America

(Nomadic)

• Vikings– North America – 1400 AD– No permanent settlements– Raid and pillage

Early Americans…

• Spanish Explorers– Present day Florida, Texas, California

• Early colonists– Great Britain – 13 colonies– Germans – PA– Dutch – Hudson River– Swedes – Delaware River

Early Americans• French – NY, Mass.

• Africans – forced migration…not immigrants

Immigration

Immigrant – people who come to a country to settle as a permanent resident

Immigrant – known as in the new country they settle

Emigrant – known as in the country they leave behind

Effects of Immigration on our Society…

• Music, clothes, foods, ideas, art, literature (culture)

• Example…

• African-American / Latino– Their art, music, literature reflects their struggles for

independence and rights, their heritage, and their culture– Today – many items are in English and Spanish

• Due to increased immigration from Mexico and other Latin American nations


• Housing Patterns– Immigrants lived in communities with other

immigrants (segregated neighborhoods / ghettos)• Felt more comfortable – language / customs • Made in more difficult to become

“Americanized” -- Assimilation– Creation of tenements– Today…Ethnic Neighborhoods in big cities


• Language– First-generation immigrants had the most

problems – Many words have entered into the mainstream

vocabulary


• Educational System– Early problems with social and language

differences– Used the Educational system to “Americanize”

immigrant children• First to learn English language and customs

– Immigrants brought new educational practices• Ex…Germans – K and Music


• Political Affiliations– Immigrants became indebted to local political

bosses – both parties• He got them jobs, housing, loans

– In exchange they voted for who he told them to– Early immigrants and today – Democrats


• Religion– There are Americans from almost every– 1st Amendment– After 1800 – most immigrants tended to be

Catholic and Jewish• Though of as inferior and could never be

pare of American society• Anti-Semitism - Jews


• Labor Practices– Most worked in unskilled jobs for low pay– Took jobs from many native-Americans

• Led to Nativism– Today – illegal aliens take jobs– Often remained in same job from homeland

• Brought their skills with them• Ex…Germans – ways of making beer

Why Immigrants came…• Population growth in Europe• Political/religious freedom• Good farmland / jobs in cities (Industrialization)• Educational Opportunities• To have a say in government• Irish – to escape the Irish Potato Famine (1846-1847)• Germans – greater economic opportunities• Southern and Eastern Europe

– Came when RR and steamboat prices dropped• “American Dream” – hope for a better life

Why emigrants leave an area…

• Economic Reasons– Govt taking over factories/business, no jobs, no

money

• Health concerns– Starvation, sickness, lack of health care

• Racial concerns– Prejudice, discrimination, violence

• Environmental Issues– Health care / famine (Ireland)

Where Immigrants worked…

• Factories

• Mines

• RR

• Clothing and cigar manufacturing

• Hauling goods

• Farming – frontier (some)

Immigrants…

• Usually stayed in the cities– Cheaper / more convenient– More jobs to unskilled workers

• Initially…– From Western Europe (Ireland, France, Britain)

• Later…– From Slavic countries, Italy…– Red Scare – thought to be communists,

socialists, anarchists– Led to Nativism – negative reaction to

immigrants

US Immigration Timeline…

• Early 1800s– Few limitations – needed ag. workers / factory

workers– Economy expanded and country grew

• 1880s– Some restrictions placed of immigration– Worked for lower wages -- Nativism


• 1920s– Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, 1929– Govt establish quotas on immigrants from S

and E Europe – Red Scare / Nativism– Set numbers based on ethnic composition


• Policy today...• Set quota – 675,000/year• Preference given today

– Kids and spouses of citizens– Resident aliens– refugees

• Problem – illegal aliens…still nativists beliefs?

Nativism

• A dislike or hatred of foreigners

• Stemmed from Red Scare, Industrialization, Immigration

Red Scare – what led to it??• After WWI – adjusting to peace…• Nativism

• Soldiers looking for jobs – Immigrants had• Fearful of a Communist Revolution similar to

Russia (1917)• Rise of Communist Party in US• Rise of Immigration from S / E Europe• Radicals arrested for attempted overthrows

– 1919-1920: 1000s– Anarchists – people that do not believe in

government

Sacco and Venzetti

• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (ITL)• Immigrants accused of robbery and murder in

Mass.• were atheists (no belief in God)/Anarchists• Limited evidence bust still convicted and

executed! - because immigrants and Nativism

• One example of immigrants having their rights taken away – arrested without just cause, jailed, no lawyer, no speedy trial

Another effect of Immigration…

• Revival of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)– Opposed immigrants, blacks, Jew, Catholics– Afraid of growing power of these groups

• 1920s – claimed 5 million members

• Worked by intimidation and fear– Burning crosses, hate letters, lyching, pressured

employees to fire

Cultural Diffusion• The spreading of ideas, products,

technologies, and practices from one culture to another

• Caused by different cultures coming into contact

• Ex…food (lasagna, enchiladas, stir fry, sauerkraut)

• Cultural practices – unique ways that different groups of people do things

Assimilation

• Process where a minority group becomes adapts customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture

Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

• Metaphor – symbol or something that represents something else

Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl?

• Melting Pot• American merged

their identities with their neighbors to become something new and different

• Immigrants assimilate into the American culture

• Salad Bowl• Different cultures are

“tossed” together in the American society, but they retain their own identities


• Melting Pot• Each ingredient

(culture) loses its identity to form a new product (American Culture)

• The American culture is homogenous (similar)

• Salad Bowl• Each ingredient

(culture) retains its own identity, but combines into a new appetizing dish (American Culture)

• The American culture is heterogeneous (diverse)


• Extended Response (4 pts)

• Compare the “melting pot” and “salad bowl” metaphors for the American culture.– Evaluate each metaphor and describe which

you think best describes our society today.


• Portfolio Assignment – Critical Thinking

• Create your own original metaphor for the American culture.

• Explain the reasoning in a paragraph.

• Create a poster advertising your metaphor.

The World as a “global village”

• Due to fast paced cultural diffusion– Advances in communications and

transportation• Jets and Satellites

– See what happens instantaneously • TV, Internet, Telephone, Faxes

Effects of technological advances on the world today…

1. Globalization – creation of a single world economy and culture– Business no longer contained by boundaries

• Growing interdependence of the world economically, culturally, and politically

• Examples…Olympics, products from all over the world

Globalization

Positive Effects• Raised standard of

living (especially…medical care)

• Economic growth

Negative Effects• Growing gap between

the rich and the poor• Outsourcing (US –

jobs overseas)• Threat to national

cultures• Environmental Threats


2. Cooperation and conflict

• many nations need to cooperate in order to survive

• Conflicts from nations effect the entire globe

– Ex – September 11th


3. Environment• Negative impact

• Air quality and water• Invasive species

• Emerald ash bore, zebra mollusk


4. Collective Security

• Nations rely on each other for security

• Join together to enforce mutually accepted rule

• Alliances and peace organizations develop

• World peace is the major goal

• Examples…NATO / United Nations


5. Popular Culture

• Becomes more homogeneous (similar)

• Because of mass media

• Examples…– McDonalds, movies, TV shows, clothes– English – worlds universal secular language


6. Political Systems

• Spreading of Democracy

• Globalization of Politics

• Decisions made by groups not countries– EU – European Union– NAFTA – North American Free Trade

Agreement


7. Religion

• Helped spread religions around the world

• US – has about every religion

• Originally Christianity spread, now Islam and Buddhism

Citizenship…

• Native-Born Citizen– Born in a US state or territory(even if your

parents are citizens of another country)– One or both parents are citizens of the US are

you are born out of the country

Citizenship…

• Aliens in the US ~ 20 million• People who are citizens of another country

living in the US• All aliens are not illegal (illegal aliens do

not fill out the proper paperwork and register every year)

• Illegal aliens ~ 10 million?– About half from Mexico

Rights of citizens vs. rights of resident aliens

• Aliens are subject to the laws of this country– If violated = deportation

• Aliens cannot vote or hold public office

• Some states prohibit from holding certain jobs

Naturalization…

• Legal process by which a resident alien may become a citizen

• Qualifications– Resident for 5 yrs. (3 if married to US citizen)– 18 yrs old– Must prove they can support themselves– Read, write, speak English (Interview)– Citizenship Test– Background Check (drug addiction/criminal)– Oath of Allegiance -- ceremony

Where do people live in the US?

Census…

• Count of US residents done every 10 years

• Main Purpose…– Determine each states population– House of Representatives– Electoral Votes = Senators + Representatives

US Population Growth Summary

• 1790 (1st census) – 4 million

• Projection 2010 – 300 million

• Three ways a county can grow– Natural increase – birthrate higher than the

death rate– Adding a new territory – war, purchase,

annexation– Immigration – US 1820-2000 (60 million

immigrants)

US Population Growth Summary

• How the US grew…– 1790-1830 (13 million)

• High birthrate (natural increase)– 1830-1920 (106 million)

• Immigration– 1920-2000 (280 million)

• Natural increase

US Population on the move…

• 1790 census had most US citizens living in rural (farms and small towns) areas

• Since….Urbanization– Moving from rural areas to urban areas

Reasons for Urbanization

• NOT a decrease in the need for agricultural products

• New farming technologies (steel plow / mechanical reaper / barbed wire / irrigation)– Modernization of agriculture – farming more

efficient (less workers needed)

• Industrialization – jobs

Industrialization

• A shift from farming to manufacturing

• Started in Britain in the mid 1800s then came to the US

US Population on the move…

• Suburbanization – overcrowding in the cities and the invention of

the automobile led to the creation of

• Suburbs – areas on the outskirts of major cities (greener and more rural-like)

• 4/5 of the current population live in metropolitan areas – Cities and their suburbs

Consequences of Urbanization

• Rapid increase of population in cities• Overcrowding – tenement buildings• Dangerous working conditions (heavy machinery –

children / immigrants / women)• Goods available at a lower cost• Air, water, noise, light pollution• Low incomes – poor living conditions• Low life expectancy• Transportation issues

Migration

• Movement of large numbers of people from region to region

• Why do people migrate…(two categories)

• “Push” Factors – push people out of an old location– Famine, religious persecution, political conflict

• “Pull” Factors – attractions that draw people to a new location– Religious freedom, economic opportunities,

cultural ties

Factors that cause people to migrate…

1. Social Factors

• Religious or ethnic persecution

• Examples– Pilgrims – religion– Tutsis fled Rwanda from the Hutu – ethnic


2. Political Factors• Attracted to place where they can practice

political ideas• Flee to avoid war• Examples…

– Cold War – East Ger fled to West Ger to avoid Communism

– Cubans coming to US to avoid Communism– Afghanistan – people fled after the US

attacked Tailiban


3. Economic Factors

• People try to escape poverty / $$$

• Examples…– Immigration to US in 1800s– WWII – Turks working in Germany (Military)– Slavery – forced migration– Migrant workers in SW US (Mexicans)– Jobs building the Transcontinental RR (Chinese)


4. Environmental Factors• People leave after environmental disasters

– Floods, droughts, crop failures, earthquakes, hurricanes

• Examples…– 1840s – Irish Potato Famine (to US)– 2000s – Sahel, Africa - people leaving

because of drought– Today – New Orleans – people leaving

because of hurricane Katrina

Examples of Migration from History…

1. Hunter and Gatherers (12,000 yrs ago)• Came from Asia to the Americas

– Land bridge / ocean going craft

• Became what we know as Native Americans

• Followed food supply– Groups would leave large group

(overpopulation)

• Factor??


2. Bantu Speakers in Africa (1000 BC – 4th Century)

• Migrated from West Africa to sub-Saharan Africa

• searched for better land

• expanding population

• Factor??


3. Spanish Colonies• Southern North America, Caribbean, Central

and South America• Wealth, lands• Culture blended with indigenous peoples

– Few women migrated – Spanish men married native women

– Mestizo – mix of Spanish and Native American


4. English Colonies• North America• Push factors - Religious persecution, lack

of economic opportunity• Pull factors – religious freedom and

economic opportunity• Examples…Pilgrims / Quakers / 13

colonies


5. Transatlantic slave trade

• 1500s – 1800s (11 million)

• Forced Migration

6. Industrial Revolution (late 19th Cent)

• Pull factor for international migration to US

• Caused Urbanization in US


8. After WWII from Europe• Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to US• Refugees fleeing newly formed

communist govts in E Europe9. Asia (1947)• Former British colony split into India and

Pakistan• India – Hindu / Pakistan – Islam


10. Great Migration• migration of African-Americans from the rural

South to the urban North• Because of WWI – jobs • Early 20th century• Led to the Harlem Renaissance – flowering of

African-American artistic talent in NY– contributed to recognition of AA culture


11. Latin America – Urbanization

• Africa – Civil Wars

• Europe – Population Growth / Job Shortage


12. Today in the US

• Rustbelt to Sunbelt– NE and MW to SE and W– Because of jobs and climate / Technology – air

conditioning– Cal – large population– Ariz / Col / Nev / Tex – fastest growing– Conn / N. Dak / RI – decrease– Las Vegas – fastest growing city– 6 of the 10 largest cities (Sun Belt)

• LA / SD / Dallas / Houston / SA / Phoenix

Changing Families…

• Size of households decreasing– People having fewer children or living alone– More one-parent households

• More families have both parents working– 60% of married women work

• Older Population– People living longer– 1920 – 54 / today – 77 (average American

lives)

Documents

Unit 5 – Culture / Immigration Global Studies. Civics – the study of what it means to be a US citizen Citizen – a legally recognized member of the country