Unit 5

Politicians appealing to the massesHigh offices still belonged to the wealthyDemocracy’s emphasis change:

-government for the people-done by the people

Leads to the spoil system…

Bases on white-male suffrage rather than property qualifications.

Between 1810&1821: 6 new western states grant more male suffrage, 4 eastern state reduce voting requirements

South was the last region to grant universal white-male suffrage

Jackson-result, not cause of new democracy.Fredrick Jackson Turner- Frontier Shapes

AmericansThe rise of workingmen parties

-labor movements-Locos Focos for example

Panic of 1819-McCullough vs. MarylandMissouri Compromise-Goal of the white

southerners

Two Party System reemerged by 1832Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs

(National Republicans)

Voter turnout dramatically increasesNew campaign styles to appeal to the peopleVoting Reform-Electoral college now chosen

by the people

4 candidates: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, and General Andrew Jackson

Jackson wins popular vote, but not enough electoral votes to be elected Similar to who….?

12th amendment state the House of Reps must choose between the top 3 finishers

Clay – finished fourth, but was Speaker of the Souse.

Clays hatred for Jackson + support for John Quincy Adams = Jackson Losing and Adams becoming president.

Jackson’s supporters call it the “Corrupt Bargain”

Adam’s presidency would be plagued with growing sectionalism and the splitting of the republican party.

1828 –Adam’s Presidency

Congress Increases Tariff to 37% on goods (from 23%)

Goal of the Jacksonians to increase the tariff to 45% (Would look bad on Adams)

Supported by New England

Webster now in support,

Calhoun against The Southern Carolina Exposition

Denounced tariff as unjust and unconstitutional

States should nullify the tariff….similar to…?

Wanted to save the Union by lowering the tariff

No other states supported South Carolina and its protest

Personified the WestGov’t=Haven of wealth

taken away from the public

Reduce role of the gov’t

Against Henry Clays system…which was?

Unionist and Nationalist

Defied Congress and Supreme Court

Used Veto Power

J.Q.A. vs. Andrew JacksonJackson wins….178-83 (electoral votes)“Common Man”, from the WestSupport came from who?The Revolution of 1828

No Landslide victory Voter turnout increases Power shift to west from east

White Male SuffrageSpoils System

Rewarding Political Supporters with public office Martin Van Buren and the “Albany Regency”

Believed in the Rotation of OfficeCivil Service is corrupt.Replace Adams-Clay appointees with loyal

Jacksonians

Informal group of people of about 13“Kitchen Cabinet”Group never officially met, and did not have

too much influenceNOT Unconstitutional

Slave Rebellion 1831Nat Turner Rises up in Virginia! Lasts for

days!Finally suppressed…cause widespread Panic.

Local Militias kill absurd amounts of slaves in retaliation…

Laws passed against educating slaves…think reformation, abolition, education, etc…

Daniel Webster-NERobert Hayne-SCIssue-Protective

Tariff

NE wants to “curb sale of public land”

People Created the Constitution, not the states

Webster accredited for jumpstarting a new generation of ‘northerners’

West Disagrees, South Allies with west

NE disloyal during the War of 1812

Against Tariff of Abominations

Said Calhoun’s Nullification Doctrine only means of protecting States Rights

Jefferson Day Dinner begins the political split between Calhoun and Jackson.

States Rights vs. National Rights

“Our Union…It must be preserved!” Jackson

“The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!”

Tariffs marked a major issue between Calhoun and Jackson.

Calhoun resigns in 1832Becomes Senator

Calhoun now a fierce sectionalist… States rights and slavery.

Calhoun suggests “concurrent majority plan”2 presidents (N&S), each have veto power. Union could be stable only through representation of the majority and minority

SC and Tariff of AbominationsJackson attempts to lower the tariff of 1828.

45% to 35%Did not meet southern demands

South Carolina Nullifies and threatens secession

Jackson threatens to hang ‘nullifiers” and sends naval and military to SC

Jackson

Calhoun

VS.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay proposes a compromise…tariff reduced 10% every 8 years (Compromise Tariff) Force Bill enacted which extends the power of the president

Aftermath Victory for both sidesStepping stone for civil war Tariff issue main reason for Calhoun and Jackson split

Advantage: Highly fundedEasterners and BUS

Advantage: Most newspapers supported Clay and disliked Jackson

Advantage: Support of the masses

Advantage: Support overwhelms the wealthy vote

**Jackson wins 219-49**

Andrew Jackson

Focus on Economy and State’s Rights

Divorce government from the economy (laissez faire)Anti-monopolyReturn to Jeffersonian More power to the states, equal opportunity

Distrust for the BankClay tries to recharter the bank in 1832 to

anger Jackson…Wanted to put the recharter through Congress so it mad it to the White HouseIf Jackson signed it, it would alienate western supportIf he vetoed it, he would alienate the wealthy and the influential of the East

Jackson Vetoes BUS Charter

Criticized Nicholas Biddle (head of BUS)Jackson says the bank supports the elite

(wealthy and stock owners) Appeals to the common people

BUS strengths before its downfallOrganized, reduced bank failures, spurred economic expansion, safe depository for the gov’t

23 state banks controlled by JacksonFederal funds transferred funs over to themBiddle wants public to reconsider charterSpecie Circularpayment for government land to be in gold

and silver (hard money/paper currency vs Gold and silver standard)

currency becomes unreliable-leads to inflation

All public land had to be purchased with federal money

Hard money=hard times for the westInflation continues

Connecticut, 1837Allow corporations to be formed without a

charter from the legislature Examples: Railroads

States make incorporation easier, helping the economy through small and medium sized businesses

Limited liability for business owners-reduced the risk of owning a business

Builders of CRB gain charter through Massachusetts—Boston has high growth making stocks skyrocket

WB also gains charter enabling it to build 300 yards away from CRB

CRB takes WB to court saying the state’s charter cannot interfere with contracts

Supreme Court allows WB to build bridge

SIGNIFICANCE: Economic development between companies encouraged (transportation for example)Began to end monopoles in public facilities

Example of Jackson using his power to vetoThe bill would call for federal funding for

intrastate improvements (road linking Lexington to the Ohio River)

Jackson vetoes on the ground that federal funding for intrastate projects was unconstitutional Also says this would have disrupted the ability to pay off the national debt

Jackson proposes removing of Native Americans (Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Chickasaw and Seminoles) Mississippi to Oklahoma

Bureau of Indian AffairsHelps with Native American relationsWas around until 1954, where it merged with the the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, (known today as the Department of Health and Human Services) Known now as the Indian Health Service (IHS)

Black Hawk War (1832)Black Hawk leads Indian ResistanceCrushed by US TroopsAre a west of Lake Michigan open for settlement

Second Seminole WarIndian resistance in Florida Bloodiest Indian conflict in US history3,000 moved to Oklahoma

Georgia creates a law that nullifies Cherokee law.

Cherokee challenge Georgia and take them to the Supreme Court

Supreme Court rules in favor of Georgia, stating the Cherokee have no jurisdiction over their land)

Sam Worcestermissionary living with Cherokee Georgia forces him to have allegiance with GA or leave Cherokee landRefuses and is arrested

Marshall rules Cherokee nation is a self-sufficient nation that must be recognized

Georgia has no jurisdiction in Cherokee land

Cherokee can invite whomever they wished to their land

Jackson says “John Marshall has made his decision…now let him enforce it!”

Case helped prevent political conflict between the executive and judicial, while still delivering what appeared to be a pro-Indian decision.

18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed 1,000 miles to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)4,000 die from malnutrition, cholera, etc.Soldiers force the march

25% of Choctaw die en route 3,500-15,000 Creeks die during removal in

1836

By 1821, Stephen Austin tries to migrate 300 families to TexasTries to Mexicanize them ( requirements were to convert them to Catholicism and allow now slavery)Requirements are ignored by most migrants

Mexico Prohibits importation into Texas and prohibits further settlements by AmericansAmericans refuse and still import slaves and new settlers

Santa Anna (Mexican Dictator) raises army to exert control in Texas.Outlaws all local rights in Texas

Texas declares independence in 1836

Santa Anna’s Army invadesGoliad, ALAMOAmerica Unites

Sam Houston and American army victorious at San Jacinto

Santa Anna agrees to withdraw troops and recognize Rio Grande as the new borderDoes not honor agreements

America still aids Texas in its fight for independencePublic opinion nullifies neutrality agreement

Should he recognize Texas?Would re-open slavery issue among states

rights

Recognizes Texas on the last day of officeNorth disagrees (anti-slavery petitions)South welcomes Texas

Texas left to fend for themselves and feared reprisals from Santa Anna.

Also courted the British and French for aidSam Houston become first president for the

Independent Republic of Texas

Whigs vs. Jacksonian DemocratsWilliam Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van BurenVan Buren wins 170-73

Whigs beliefs?Many of these beliefs foundation for modern day Republican party.

Strong Executive leadership

Common PeopleDemocratic party

Spoil SystemDeath of the BUSSpecie CircularTrail of TearsIncreased

Sectionalism

Negatives

Continued Spoils systemPresided over the Panic of 1837 (Jackson’s

policies were a major cause)Formalizes the Pet Banks (Independent

Treasury SystemCaroline Incident-Rebellion in Canada

threatens war with Britain

**He is ineffective as president**

Over-speculation yet againRemember Panic of 1819?

Bank War and Specie Circular hurts economy

Flour Riot2 Major British banks fail, call in foreign

loans

Banks Collapse (including Pet Banks)

Commodity prices and public land sale decreases

Factories close leading to soaring unemployment

Whigs sought expanding bank credit, higher tariffs, and internal improvement funds

Treasury Bill of 1840-Independent Treasury system

Van Buren (D) vs. William Henry Harrison (W)Depression blamed on who?Harrison Wins

Significance:1st mass turnout election in US historyPropaganda and slogans set examples for future campaigns (“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” and “Log Cabin and Hard Cider)Liberty Party Will Run (Anti-Slavery Agenda)