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Announcements: midterms handed back assignment folder update posted next week turning in assignment folder June 12th Unit 5: Age of Exploration North America Thomas Moran Video Notes
Unit 5: Selling of the American West
Unit 5: Lecture Concepts
Age of exploration
North America
American indigenous groups
westward expansion
Thomas Moran
life and work
America’s public lands
national park service
preservation vs conservation
Unit 5 activities
• Video Notes: Drawn to Yellowstone
• Article Summary
– about threat to our public lands
• Earth map update
Unit 5 terms
Manifest Destiny
Louisiana Purchase
Transcontinental railroad
Romantic Realist
Preservation
conservation
Age of Exploration
Discovery and later colonization of these distant continents warranted documentation of cultures, animals, plants and other valuable resources
Artists started to accompany the expeditions as early as 1500’s
Age of Exploration
These artists include:
Jacques Le Moyne,
Florida---1564
John White,
Roanoke Island, North Carolina-- 1585
Conrad Martins,
South America---1833-35
voyage of the Beagle
Selling of the American West
West of the Mississippi-
• The mountain man
• Fur Trappers
• Indigenous people
horse cultures
• Bison:
keystone species
importance to tribes
population
Selling the American West Motivation for taming the
wilderness became economic and moral act
Natural resources infinite & inexhaustible
Exploitation reaches it’s pinnacle in 1800 in North America
Rapid increase in immigrants
Land, economic opportunity and freedom
Population increased 30%
West = last frontier and hope for prosperity
Selling the American West
•Manifest Destiny •Homestead Act of 1862 •American Progress 1872
American Progress, John Gast , 1872
VANISHING VIEWS
Transcontinental railroad 1868
California Gold Rush 1848
Extermination of the bison 1830 - 1880
VANISHING VIEWS: the cultures
• Decimation of food resources- removal of livelihood– American Bison
• Disease-small pox • Removal onto reservations • Assimilation— boarding schools 1879 – 1980’s • Dying of elders--- loss of
ceremonies and traditions • American Indian War • Illegalization of ceremonies
between 1882 -1930 Resulted in the Genocide of the
indigenous people of North America.
During the 1800’s, artists were commissioned under contract with the railroad lines to publicized the wonders of the West and encourage westward expansion.
Selling the American West
Selling the American West
Romantic Realism Hudson River School
-devoid of civilization -reaction to the
-Idealization of the landscape industrial age
-dramatic lighting
The Oxbow, Thomas Cole 1836
Selling the American West
Thomas Moran: Born in Lancashire, England in 1836
raised in Pennsylvania
Printer maker – Hudson school
"an artist of Philadelphia of rare genius".
Hayden Geological Survey Expedition 1871
Yellowstone region of the American West-
Selling the American West
William Henry
Jackson
-Photographer
-Worked alongside Moran
-Offered objective view of the region
Selling the American West
Crystal Falls, Yellowstone region 1871
Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Basin, 1871
Yellowstone National Park
Hayden, Moran and Jackson fought to keep US government from auctioning off the land
500 page report
US congress:
Preservation vs conservation
• 30 paintings were created for Powell’s report
• Instrumental in getting the area designated as a national park but not until 1919.
Selling the American West
“The Mountain of the Holy Cross” 1875
Mountain in Colorado
Hayden expedition 1875
Travelled extensively
Created 100’s of large scale oil paintings
Published work in various periodicals
“I place no value upon literal transcripts from nature. My general scope is not realistic, all my tendencies are toward idealization… topography in art is valueless”
Selling the American West
• Moran and Jackson returned to Yellowstone in 1892.
• 1,000’s of tourists annually to 1000 per day
• Northern Pacific Railway- Gardiner,MT
Yellowstone Park Improvement Co. was
granted unlimited use of resources within park
Thomas Moran
• painted more than 400 large scale paintings throughout his life
• He travelled and painted throughout his life as late as 1920
• Moran died at the age of 89 at his home in Santa Barbara, California
New Age of Tourism in the West
• Preservation for profit by the railroads
• Commissions to artists
• Encouraged visitors
• Developed infrastructure on public lands and surrounding areas
• Degradation of parks
poaching, grazing and mining etc.
Conservation vs preservation
conservation seeks the proper use of nature – natural resources were infinite
preservation seeks protection of nature from use.
Railroads lobbied with environmentalist for preservation
Railroads = economic value-tourism
Environmentalists = aesthetic or recreational value
"benefit and enjoyment of the people,"
Human superiority - both for the use of humans
Rights of nature to simply exist?
Ecological value?
Railroads Co. role in Preservation
“wildlife as spectacle”
economic potential of creating the National Parks
public use and enjoyment was the overriding concern.
development, financing, and marketing of parks
Monopoly-
• railroads for transportation
• Development of infrastructure
Settlers Tourist
Railroad legacy • Native American lands
were taken without compensation
• Slave labor under paid and over worked immigrants mainly from China.
• Only the wealthiest citizens were able to visit and stay in the luxury hotels that were available
Threat to our Public Lands today Articles to read and
summarize: • 27 National Monuments through out
the West are threatened to be delisted.
• Opening the areas up to extraction industries – oil and gas development, mining and grazing.
https://medium.com/center-for-biological-diversity/national-monuments-at-risk-ec5c7b5e61f2
https://www.ecowatch.com/zinke-national-monuments-2476612419.html?utm_source=EcoWatch+List&utm_campaign=2aa7e9185c-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_49c7d43dc9-2aa7e9185c-86043425
Unit 5: Earth Map update
5a. Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming
5b. Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
Drawn to Yellowstone
Video Notes
https://www.pbs.org/video/drawn-to-yellowstone-jzw935/
Take a page of notes on this interesting video about Thomas Moran and Yellowstone.