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UNIT 5 SEMINAR:Rheumatoid Arthritis
Evelyn I. MilianInstructor
2011
SC235 – General Biology I: Human Perspectives
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
INTRODUCTION: Joints
Joint = Articulation = Arthrosis
A joint is a point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.
The joints of the skeletal system hold bones together and allow movement and flexibility.
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 2
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Joint Classifications
Structural classification: based on their anatomical characteristics. Fibrous (fibrous connective tissue), cartilaginous
(cartilage), synovial (synovial cavity & articular capsule) Functional classification: based on the type of
movement they permit. Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis
(semimovable), diarthrosis (freely movable) Some examples of joints:
Sutures uniting bones of the skull, shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, intercarpal joints (fingers), intervertebral joints, hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Joints
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Suture: Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites bones of the skull.
Immovable (synarthrosis).
Shoulder joint (humeroscapular or glenohumeral joint): Ball-and-socket joint between the humerus and the scapula.
It has more freedom of movement than any other joint of the body.
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Joints
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Elbow joint: hinge joint between the humerus, the ulna, and the radius.
Allows flexion and extension of the forearm.
Hip (coxal) joint: ball-and-socket joint between the femur and the hip bone.
It’s very strong and stable.
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Joints: Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral Joint)
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The knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) is the largest and most complex joint of the body, consisting of three joints within a single synovial cavity. It is a joint between the femur, the tibia and the patella.
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Movements at Synovial Joints
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Movements at Joints
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Special Movements at Synovial Joints
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
FIELD TRIP!!!
Emedicinehealth: Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.emedicinehealth.com/rh
eumatoid_arthritis/article_em.htm
WebMD; Rheumatoid Arthritis Overview: http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoi
d-arthritis/default.htm
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
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DISORDERS: Rheumatism and Arthritis
Rheumatism Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body—bones,
joints, ligaments, tendons, or muscles—not caused by infection or injury.
Arthritis = Inflammation of joints A group of rheumatic diseases in which synovial joints are swollen,
stiff, and painful. Arthritis always involve damage to the articular cartilages, but the specific cause can vary. The diseases of arthritis are usually classified as either degenerative or inflammatory.
Osteoarthritis (OA; “wear-and-tear” arthritis) A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost.
It results from a combination of aging, irritation of the joints, and wear and abrasion.
It is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation; usually non-inflammatory.
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 12
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints (primarily of the synovial membrane), which causes swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Autoimmune diseases are disorders that result from the immune system mistakenly attacking its own cells and tissues, in this case its own cartilage and joint linings.
Usually, this form of arthritis occurs bilaterally: on the left and right sides of the body, although often not to the same degree.
The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known.
Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic factors have all been proposed as contributing to or triggering the destructive inflammation.
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
The immune system is a complicated network of cells and cell components that normally defend the body and eliminate bacterial, viral, and other pathogenic infections.
In an autoimmune response, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells, tissues and organs.
In RA, the attack affects cartilage in the joints. Using what you have learned about the immune response, what symptoms would you predict?
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 13
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an Autoimmune Disease
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane. If untreated, the membrane thickens, and synovial fluid accumulates.
Pain and tenderness due to resulting pressure. The membrane then produces an abnormal granulation tissue, called
pannus, that adheres to the surface of the articular cartilage and sometimes erodes the cartilage completely.
Fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends, ossifies and fuses to the joint and it becomes immovable—the ultimate crippling effect of rheumatoid arthritis.
Distortion of fingers due to the growth of granulation tissue.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammation
Pain, swelling, warmth
Stiffness
Rheumatoid nodules
Disability: Progression of the disease results in deformities and loss of function of tissues
Some complications can occur as the disease progresses, affecting organs such as the heart, lungs and kidneys.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms and physical exam
Radiography (X-rays)
Blood tests: immunological test to detect rheumatoid factor (RF), a nonspecific autoantibody (antibody directed against the individual’s own tissues).
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
What are the Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Treatments alleviate symptoms and/or modify the disease process
Medications: Analgesics: painkillers
Anti-inflammatory drugs: including NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and corticosteroids to suppress the symptoms
Immunosuppresive drugs / disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: inhibit or halt immune process including inflammation; reduce rate of damage to bone and cartilage
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
What are the Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Physical therapy and nutritional therapy:
May alleviate symptoms, but do not prevent joint damage or slow the disease progression.
Surgery:
Synovectomy: Removal of inflammed synovial membrane; prevents quick destruction of joints.
Joint replacement surgery for severely affected joints.
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 18
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Onset is most frequent between the ages of 40 and 50, but people of any age can be affected.
Prevalent in around 1 percent of the adult population.
1 in 1,000 children under age 16 show signs of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
More prevalent in Caucasians and some North American native tribes than in African Americans, Chinese and Japanese.
Women affected 3-5 times more often than men.
Up to three times more common in smokers than non-smokers.
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 19
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Questions???
Air Quality Lab Project due Tuesday by the end of Unit 5.
Detailed instructions posted in Doc Sharing; see also my announcement in the Course Home page.
Summary of main parts (in Microsoft Word):
1. Introduction
2. Table of detailed observations of filter for each week
3. Analysis of your original hypothesis comparing it with your results; answer questions in lab instructions
4. Substantial letter to your government representative
5. References to back up your work (at least 3)
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Example of Data Chart for Lab Project 2 – Air Pollution Assessment
Date & Time
TemperatureWeather
ConditionsCondition of Filter
Unique Items or Particles
Stuck on Filter
Details about Location and
Other Comments
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 21
Materials:• Coffee filter, Vaseline Petroleum Jelly,
string or fishing wire, hole-puncher or scissors
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
References
Audesirk, Teresa; Audesirk, Gerald & Byers, Bruce E. (2005). Biology: Life on Earth. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.-Prentice Hall. NJ, USA.
Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B., et al. (2008). Biology. Eighth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.-Pearson Benjamin Cummings. CA, USA.
Cowan, Marjorie Kelly; Talaro, Kathleen Park. (2009). Microbiology A Systems Approach. Second Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA. www.mhhe.com/cowan2e
Enger, Eldon D.; Ross, Frederick C.; Bailey, David B. (2007). Concepts in Biology. Twelfth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA.
Ireland, K.A. (2011). Visualizing Human Biology. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NJ, USA.
Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology. Tenth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA.
Martini, Frederic H.; Nath, Judi L. (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. Eighth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. – Pearson Benjamin Cummings. CA, USA.
Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Eleventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NJ, USA. www.wiley.com/college/apcentral.
2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 22