Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Unit 6 Part 1 – Meteorology Name: _________________________________________________
Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere Date: SWBAT: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. Diagram/describe the layers of the earth’s atmosphere.
Term Description
Weather Definition:
Climate Definition:
Atmospheric Beginnings
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
from inside Earth, heavy gases are pulled by gravity creating the atmosphere
Atmosphere Components
99 % of atmosphere is made of 2 elements!
78% : _____________________________________________________
o _____________________________ component of atmosphere!
21% : _____________________________________________________
1% : ______________________________________________________
Water Vapor
Definition:
Changes depending on origin of air:
__________________________________________ - originated over ______________________________
__________________________________________ - originated over ______________________________
Ozone Layer
Ozone = O3 Definition:
Absorbs radiation that helps block out some harmful UV rays emitted by sun (SKIN CANCER!)
Damaged by ___________________________________________________
Atmospheric Pressure
As you move through the atmosphere you will experience a gradual change in pressure Definition:
Pressure slowly decreases the farther you go up
Atmospheric Layers
4 Layers
99% of Earth’s atmosphere is within 30 km of Earth’s surface.
Changes in _________________________________________________________ separate the layers
Thermosphere
________________ and outermost layer of the atmosphere
Subdivided into: o o
Temperature __________________ with increasing altitude (Extremely high temperatures due to solar radiation)
Mesosphere
_____________________________ layer of the atmosphere
Temperature _________________ with increasing altitude o Coldest layer
________________________________________________: boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
(Height: 85 – 90 km and Temperature: -90 oC)
Stratosphere
_____________________________ layer of the atmosphere
Temperature __________________with increasing altitude
This temperature increase is due to: ___________________
________________________________________________: boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere
(Height: 46 – 54 km and Temperature: -2 to 0 oC)
Troposphere
_____________________________layer of the atmosphere
Temperature __________________ with increasing altitude
Includes all _______________________________________
________________________________________________: boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere
(Height: 12 – 18 km and Temperature: -60 oC)
Atmospheric Heat Date: SWBAT: Compare and contrast methods of heat transfer.
Term Description
Heat Example:
Conduction
Definition: Transfer of heat
Heat flows from the _______________________ object to the _____________________________ one
Conductors vs. Non-conductors: o Some materials are very good at transferring heat, like metals (conductors), while others are not,
like air (non-conductor)
Convection Definition: Transfer of heat
When you boil a pot of water the warm water at the bottom of the pot expands and rises.
Radiation Definition: Transfer of heat
Most heating of the atmosphere comes from radiation
Solar Radiation
When radiation strikes an object 3 results:
1. Some energy is ______________________________________________ by the object 2. Substances such as water/air are transparent to radiation and transmit it (energy passes through it)
3. Some radiation may ____________________________ the object without being absorbed or transmitted.
Greenhouse Effect
The Sun radiates energy to the Earth and naturally ____________________________________________ o Some heat re-radiates and escapes into space. o Some heat gets trapped by the atmosphere and warms the air.
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the Earth’s re-radiated heat, but are transparent to incoming solar radiation
Greenhouse Gases
PRODUCED BY HUMANS AND MADE NATURALLY!
______________________________________________ (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Methane (CH4)
Carbon dioxide is most often the focus of public discussion o Humans burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere increasing the
greenhouse effect leading to global warming. o Industrial factories could decrease the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere by transitioning
from burning fossil fuels to using alternative energies
A human enhanced greenhouse effect ___________________________________________________
Aspects that Impact Global Temperature
Land vs. Water
Land heats more rapidly than __________________________________________________________
Land reaches __________________________________________- temperatures than water How might this affect a coastal city vs. a land locked city?
Temperatures of a body of water influence the temperatures of the air above it
Altitude Places at higher altitudes have ____________________ temperatures than places at lower altitudes o Ex. Boone vs. Wilmington
World Temperature
__________________________________________- lines that connect points of equal temperature
By studying isotherm maps you can detect patterns and see the effects of phenomena.
Unit 6 Part 1 – Meteorology Name: _________________________________________________
Natural Greenhouse Effect Human Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Unit 6 Part 1 – Meteorology Name: _________________________________________________
Air Quality Date: SWBAT: Discuss a variety of air pollutants and how they can be harmful to humans and the environment.
Term Description
Air Pollution
Definition:
Can be man-made or natural
Main Types of Air Pollution
_________________________________________ – Created by volcanoes and factories. Sulfur can bond with oxygen in air to create acid rain.
_________________________________________ – Created by thunderstorms and combustion engines. Toxic
_________________________________________ – Created by volcanoes and combustion engines. Can be toxic
_________________________________________ – airborne solids. Can cause cancer
_________________________________________ - (CFC’s) a pollutant found in aerosols, breaks down ozone
Loss of ozone can lead to harmful UV radiation – HEALTH RISK!
Sources of Air Pollution
__________________________________________ – Coal power plants, Industrial Factories
__________________________________________ – cars, planes, ships
__________________________________________ – aerosols, paint, hair spray
Waste Deposition- landfills create gases as waste breaks down
Solutions to Air Pollution
________________________________________- remove gases or particles from a point source location.
Regulation- Country uses standards to prevent too much pollution to come from one location o Ex. Clean Air Act of 1963
Air Quality Index
Definition:
Humidity and Dew Point Date: SWBAT: Determine and measure relative humidity and dew point temperature
Term Description
Water in the Atmosphere
Gas Solid Liquid
Changing States
Solid to liquid: ____________________________ o Ice absorbs heat and turns to liquid
Liquid to solid: ____________________________ o Water loses heat, and turns to ice
Gas to liquid:_____________________________ o Heat is released into surroundings
Liquid to gas: _____________________________ o Heat is absorbed from surrounding
Solid to gas: ______________________________ o Heat absorbed
Gas to solid: ______________________________ o Heat released
Humidity
Definition:
Air that has reached its water vapor capacity is said to be ______________________________________
Humidity depends on __________________ since different temperatures have different saturation points
Relative Humidity
(RH)
Definition:
o Indicates _____________________________________ the air is to saturation ������ ��������
������� ��������×100 = �������� ��������
Hot Air vs. Cold Air
The warmer the air, the __________________________________ it can hold
By changing the temperature of the air you can increase or decrease the relative humidity
Constant water vapor + higher temp = lower RH Constant water vapor + lower temp = higher RH Warm, saturated air contains ___________________
____________________________________________
than cold saturated air
Specific Humidity
Definition:
Hygrometer: Psychrometer
Measures:
Made of two thermometers: 1 dry (air temp) and 1 wet (evaporation causes temp to go down)
Compare both thermometers in table to find RH In a cloud there is no evaporation because air already saturated! So the wet and dry bulb will be the same!
Hair Hygrometer: Human hair stretches when humidity increases
Heat Index
Definition:
High air temp + low RH = air temp feels lower than it really is
High air temp + high RH = air temp feels higher than it really is
Dew Point
Definition:
If the temperature drops to the dew point then the moisture in the air will begin to condense and form dew (> 0 oC) or frost (< 0 oC)
Clouds and Precipitation Date: SWBAT: Describe and identify the various cloud types. Describe the various types of precipitation and where they form.
Term Description
Clouds Definition:
Recipe for Clouds
1. __________________________________________________: air must be saturated.
2. __________________________________________________: air must be cooled to the dew point
3. __________________________________________________: provides a surface for condensation to occur Ex: dust, salt, smoke.
Cloud Formation
As warm air rises and expands, it cools:
When air reaches a level where its temperature is ___________________________________, condensation occurs to form a cloud.
The level where condensation forms is called the _____________________________________ o The base of the cloud forms here
Orographic Lifting
Definition:
Frontal Wedging
Definition:
Convergence Definition:
Localized Convection
Definition:
Stability Rising moving air = ____________________________
Warm air rises into cold air.
Non- moving air = _____________________________
Warm air above cold air
Called:
Cloud Types
Form
_____________________________– “hair like”, high altitude, wispy
_____________________________– “pile/pillow”, rounded
_________________________– “ layer”, sheets or layered, no distinction between individual clouds
Height
High: ______us, ______ostratus, ______ocumulus
Middle: __________stratus, __________cumulus
Low: ____________, ____________cumulus,
nimbo______________
Nimbus = “__________________________________”
Vertical Clouds
_________________________________________________ – puffy cloud usually found at low cloud levels
_________________________________________________ - formed from rising of unstable air o Often associated with thunder, lightning, and hail
Fog Definition:
Precipitation Collision-
Coalescence
Drizzle:
Rain: Snow: Sleet: Freezing Rain:
Hail:
Cloud Seeding
Definition:
Achieved by adding condensation nuclei to clouds
Air Pressure and Wind Date: SWBAT: Describe the effect of air pressure on wind & compare air pressure changes with regards to temp, humidity & altitude
Term Description
Air Pressure
Definition:
Barometer Definition:
Mercury or Aneroid Barometer measured in (inches of mercury) or (pounds per inch2) or (millibars)
Isobars Definition:
The spacing between each isobar indicates pressure change
Air Pressure
Differences
_____________________________________________________ creates air pressure differences
This difference in air pressure causes a phenomena called wind. o Wind is when air flows from areas of high air pressure to areas of low air pressure
Low Pressure
___________________________________ Rising
This leads to clouds and precipitation
Winds rotate in a ___________________ motion
Low Pressure = __________________________
High Pressure
__________________________________ Sinking
This leads to a clear sky
Winds blowing away in _______________ motion
High Pressure = ___________________________
Wind is caused by ____________________________________________________________
The greater the difference the greater the wind speed.
By looking at your isobars the closer the lines are together, the steeper the pressure gradient o Close Isobars= _______________________________________________ o Widely Spaced Isobars= Low Winds
Coriolis Effect
Definition:
In the Northern Hemisphere to the_______________; In the Southern Hemisphere to the ________________
Global Winds
Winds caused by ___________________________________ of Earth’s atmosphere.
Hot Equatorial air expands, rises and flows toward poles
Cold Polar air is denser so it flows toward the equator
Wind Cells
Due to the Earth rotation there are six cells of air on earth
High pressure around 30oN and 30oS. Low pressure around 60oN, 60oS, and 0o.
High Pressure ___________________________________
Low Pressure ____________________________________
Trade Winds - blow from Westerlies – blow from Polar Easterlies – blow from
Unit 6 Part 1 – Meteorology Name: _________________________________________________
1. Label the center of the high pressure area with a large “H”
2. Label the center of the low pressure area with a large “L”
3. Draw rain drops or snowflakes in the states you would expect to see them in
4. Leave the states you would expect to see clear skies empty
5. Draw arrows around the “H” on your map to indicate the wind direction
6. Draw arrows around the “L” on your map to indicate the wind direction
