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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 ENERGY 1 st law of thermodynamics: (conservation) 2 nd law of thermodynamics: (efficiency) 1 st Law Efficiency: Energy Delivered ---------------------------- Energy Supplied 2 nd Law Efficiency: Minimum Energy Required ---------------------------- Actual Energy Input Essentially the 2nd-law efficiency tells us how efficient it could be, the 1st-law tells us how efficient a process actually is. The lower the value for 2 nd Law Efficiency the more the process could be improved Input = Output / Efficiency A process needs 150 BTU of heat supplied by heat pump with an efficiency of 60%. How many BTUs must be supplied to the pump? 150 BTU /.6 = 250 BTU

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 Units associated with ENERGY Figure 18-2 Joule: Amount of work done by a force of one Newton over 1m distance 1 donut = 10 6 J Calorie: Amount of heat req. to raise 1g H 2 O by 1 o C 1 slice bread = 100 Calories Btu: Amount of heat req. to raise 1lb H 2 O by 1 o F 1 BTU = heat from one match Therm: Thermal Units = 100,000 Btus usually used by gas companies Watt: Energy flow time rate of doing work Light bulb = 60W/hour

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Ch.17 Figure 18-2 Nuclear power 6% Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 7% Natural gas 21% RENEWABLE 18% Biomass 11% Oil 33% Coal 22% NONRENEWABLE 82% 21% 33% 22% Worldwide Energy Sources

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Figure 18-2 Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17

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Figure 18-2 Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 Americans constitute 5% of the world's population but consume 24% of the world's energy. On average, one American consumes as much energy as 2 Japanese 6 Mexicans 13 Chinese 31 Indians 128 Bangladeshis 307 Tanzanians 370 Ethiopians WHY? Heavily industrialized Gasoline addiction Disposable society Huge houses

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 Where is the energy being used in the US? Transportation Residential & Commercial Industrial Electrical Power

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 Where is the energy being used in your house? Computer Clothes Washer & Dryer Dishwasher Refrigerator Heating & Cooling Water Heater Small Appliances & Cooking Lighting TV, DVD Computer Clothes Washer & Dryer Dishwasher Refrigerator Heating & Cooling Water Heater Small Appliances & Cooking Lighting TV, DVD

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 To be written up in your lab notebook: Energy Conservation Strategies Research several conservation tips/strategies for each of the sectors indicated on the chart. a. How much energy could be saved by implementing the researched strategies? b. What are the drawbacks of implementing each strategy? **Be sure to cite sources to include specifics/data and to cite sources

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 Conservation, Efficiency, Cogeneration Reduce, Improve, Reuse Capturing and using waste energy (heat) Doubles the efficiency from about 30% - 60%

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About one-third of the heated air in typical U.S. homes and buildings escapes through closed windows and holes and cracks. Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 Conservation, Efficiency, Cogeneration Nuclear power plant: 92% of energy is wasted through nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management. Coal-burning power plant: 66% of the energy released by burning coal is lost.

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.17 US Energy Policy There is no clear centralized energy policy in the United States. We can look at where research and development dollars have gone and have a clearer idea of national priorities. The energy policy Act of 2005 is outlined on pp. 356-357. Talk with the people around you and create a T-chart that indicates the pros and cons of each of the 6 provisions outlined

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Fossil Fuels Forms of stored solar energy created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter. Crude Oil Natural Gas Coal The higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available. Ratios < 1 indicate a net energy loss. Net Energy= Useful energy Energy used to produce it.

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Anticline oil & gas trap Fault oil & gas trap Oil & gas fields from which we extract resources are places where natural upward migration of the oil and gas to the surface is interrupted by what is known as a trap. The rock that helps form the trap is called a cap rock Extracting oil Oil Animation

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Refining crude oil: Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top Refining Video (1st 2 min.)

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Peak oil: Maximum global oil production is expected 2020 - 2050 What are some probable consequences of oil production?

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Natural gas: mostly methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Natural Gas Production (m 3 ) Fracking Animation (6 min)

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Coal

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Strip Mining Animation

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.18 Cleaning up Coal (Reducing Sulfur emissions) Best Method BURN LESS COAL encourage conservation; regulate/tax emissions Use low-sulfate coal (anthracite) Coal Gasification Utilize fluidized bed combustion Utilize scrubbers Wash the coal Uses limestone to capture sulfur released by the combustion of coal. Jets of air suspend the mixture of limestone and burning coal during combustion This lowers combustion temperature and thus reduces the amount of SO x that is released Coal is first ground into smaller pieces so that it can be more easily processed. The pulverized coal is then washed in water or in fluids with densities that cause the coal to float so that unwanted impurities can sink to the bottom Coal Washing reduces the ash content of coal by over 50%, resulting in less waste. About 25% of the sulfur content is reduced, lowering the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions released upon combustion. Coal washing also improves the heating value of coal, known as the thermal efficiency, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions as well Partially combust coal in the presence of steam and carefully controlled amount of oxygen (to prevent full combustion) This creates Syngas, a combustible liquid composed of mainly CO and H 2 Scrubbers combine the exhaust gas of coal combustion with water and limestone (CaCO 3 ) The CaCO 3 reacts with the SO 4 To create gypsum

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Renewable Energy Is geothermal energy renewable? Not really If too much cool water is pumped into the Earth the temperature will decrease. Passive Solar: direct use of the suns heat Active Solar: indirect use of the suns heat

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Active Solar: Luz Solar Electric-Generating System Curved mirrors heat synthetic oil that flows through heat exchangers that drive steam turbine generators. Solar Heat Pump Animation Photovoltaic Cells Animation

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Biomass

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Biomass Syngas: H 2, CO Biomass Fuel Cell Animation

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Biomass 10-23% pure ethanol makes gasohol which can be run in conventional motors. 85% ethanol (E85) must be burned in flex-fuel cars. Processing all corn grown in the U.S. into ethanol would cover only about 55 days of current driving. Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil made from a variety of different plants. Biodiesel has the potential to supply about 10% of the countrys diesel fuel needs. Crops such as sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass and agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes can be converted to ethanol.

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Hydropower There is little room for expansion in the U.S. Dams and reservoirs have been created on 98% of suitable rivers. Water can also be used to store excess power when demand is low (Nighttime in summer) and used to generate power when demand is high. (Hot summer day) Hydroelectric Animation

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Hydropower Tidal Power: Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability Tidal Stream Generator Tidal Barrage Energy from the ocean Video

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.19 Wind Wind power is the worlds most promising energy resource because it is abundant, inexhaustible, widely distributed, cheap, clean, and emits no greenhouse gases. Much of the worlds potential for wind power remains untapped. Capturing only 20% of the wind energy at the worlds best energy sites could meet all the worlds energy demands. Wind Turbine Animation

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.20 Nuclear

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.20 Nuclear The nuclear fuel cycle for the U.S. nuclear energy industry.

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.20 Radioactive wolves - Chernobyl Chernobyl Incident

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Unit 7 Energy Production

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Ch.20

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.20

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Unit 7 Energy Production Ch.20

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Unit 7 Energy Production