UNIT 7UNIT 7

The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery

Why were the discoveries Why were the discoveries made?made?1.1. They needed They needed new trade routes new trade routes to the to the

East (1453 the Turks conquered East (1453 the Turks conquered Constantinople)Constantinople)

2.2. Technical advances Technical advances improved navigationimproved navigation1.1. New maps: New maps: portulan chartsportulan charts

2.2. Navigational instruments: Navigational instruments: compasscompass, , astrolabeastrolabe and and quadrantquadrant were developed were developed

3.3. Ships were improved: Ships were improved: caravelscaravels and so they and so they could travel longer distances.could travel longer distances.

The caravelThe caravel

• It had existed for hundreds of years but was It had existed for hundreds of years but was modified.modified.

• It had square sails for speed and triangular It had square sails for speed and triangular sails for manoueuvre.sails for manoueuvre.

• It had three mastsIt had three masts• Less than 30 men formed the crewLess than 30 men formed the crew• There were no There were no oarsmenoarsmen, so there was more , so there was more

space for cargo -> long voyages were space for cargo -> long voyages were possiblepossible

• The ships carried cannons to defend The ships carried cannons to defend themselves from pirates and enemy ships.themselves from pirates and enemy ships.

http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/index.htm

oars·manoars·man

•       ˈɔrz mən, ˈoʊrz-/ˈɔrz mən, ˈoʊrz-/

• ––noun, plural noun, plural -men. -men.

• a person a person who rows a boat, especially  rows a boat, especially a racing boat; rower. a racing boat; rower.

What were the new sea What were the new sea routes?routes?• Portuguese expeditionsPortuguese expeditions

– 15th century, Portugal had been looking for 15th century, Portugal had been looking for a new sea route to the India around the a new sea route to the India around the coast of Africa. coast of Africa. Henry the Navigator Henry the Navigator organised various expeditions.organised various expeditions.

– The Madeira Islands were discovered in The Madeira Islands were discovered in 1418, The Azores in 14311418, The Azores in 1431

– 1488 1488 Bartolomeu Dias Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of AfricaGood Hope at the southern tip of Africa

– 1498 1498 Vasco de Gama Vasco de Gama reached Indiareached IndiaPortugal created a great empire and became Portugal created a great empire and became

a world power.a world power.

Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese rivalryrivalry

The crown of Castile was Portugal’s The crown of Castile was Portugal’s biggest rival in the search of new biggest rival in the search of new routes to India.routes to India.

Castilians decided to sail Castilians decided to sail westwest across across the Altantic circumnavigating the the Altantic circumnavigating the Earth.Earth.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbushttp://www.vernonkids.com/cedarmountain/4thgradelinks/columbus/columbus.htm

• Genoese sailor (1451-1505)Genoese sailor (1451-1505)

• He thought the world was roundHe thought the world was round

• The Catholic Monarchs decided to finance The Catholic Monarchs decided to finance the expeditionthe expedition

• On 3 August 1492 the Pinta, the Niña and On 3 August 1492 the Pinta, the Niña and the Santa María, left the Port of Palos de la the Santa María, left the Port of Palos de la Frontera (Huelva)Frontera (Huelva)

The voyageThe voyage• His calculations were wrong, he thought His calculations were wrong, he thought

the earth was smallerthe earth was smaller• The crew complainedThe crew complained• They saw land on 12 October 1492, they They saw land on 12 October 1492, they

thought they had reached Capango thought they had reached Capango (Japan) but they had reached a new (Japan) but they had reached a new country later called “America” (1502 by country later called “America” (1502 by Americo Vespucci, Italian sailor)Americo Vespucci, Italian sailor)

• Juan de la Cosa 1500 draw the first map Juan de la Cosa 1500 draw the first map on which America appears ----- >on which America appears ----- >

Great Antilles (Las Antillas)Great Antilles (Las Antillas)

Columbus’ Columbus’ expeditionsexpeditions

• He did four expeditionsHe did four expeditions• On the second voyage, a faster route was On the second voyage, a faster route was

found.found.• On the second and third voyage, Columbus On the second and third voyage, Columbus

explored the coast of Central and South explored the coast of Central and South America.America.

• In 1504 he returned to Spain.In 1504 he returned to Spain.• He died in 1506 convinced that he had He died in 1506 convinced that he had

reached India.reached India.

Magellan’s expeditionMagellan’s expedition

• In 1519, 5 boats and 250 sailors left Seville, In 1519, 5 boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by captained by Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan..

• Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan Sebastián Elcano was his second-in-was his second-in-command.command.

• Their goal was to find a passage between the Their goal was to find a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to the Moluccas or Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to the Moluccas or Spice Islands in Asia.Spice Islands in Asia.

• 1520, they found a strait connecting both oceans, 1520, they found a strait connecting both oceans, later called the “Strait of Magellan”later called the “Strait of Magellan”

• They sailed to the Philippines where Magellan was They sailed to the Philippines where Magellan was killed in a fight with the natives and Elcano took killed in a fight with the natives and Elcano took command.command.

Juan Sebastián ElcanoJuan Sebastián Elcano

• The expeditions headed for the The expeditions headed for the Moluccas, where they loaded up Moluccas, where they loaded up valuable spices and then set sail for valuable spices and then set sail for Spain.Spain.

• In 1522, 18 men and one ship In 1522, 18 men and one ship “Victoria” returned.“Victoria” returned.

• They were the first to circumnavigate They were the first to circumnavigate the World and prove that the Earth the World and prove that the Earth was round.was round.

Maluku IslandsMaluku Islands (also known as  (also known as the the MoluccasMoluccas, , Moluccan IslandsMoluccan Islands, the , the Spice Spice IslandsIslands) are an ) are an archipelago that is part of  that is part of Indonesia

Consequences of the Consequences of the discoveriesdiscoveries• Portugal and Spain created great Portugal and Spain created great

overseas empires.overseas empires.• Unexplored regions were divided Unexplored regions were divided

between Spain and Portugal to prevent between Spain and Portugal to prevent problems: problems: Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Tordesillas, 14941494..– Portugal recieved territories Portugal recieved territories easteast of the line: of the line:

Africa, Asia and Brazil.Africa, Asia and Brazil.– Castile recived territories Castile recived territories westwest of the line: of the line:

most of the territories in the Americas.most of the territories in the Americas.

European supremacyEuropean supremacy

• Countries wanted to expand their Countries wanted to expand their territory and benefit from trade to territory and benefit from trade to exploit the resources of these exploit the resources of these continents.continents.

• This rivalry between European This rivalry between European continents lasted for five centuries.continents lasted for five centuries.

Progress in scienceProgress in science

• Developements in geography and Developements in geography and Cartography: knowledge of the land Cartography: knowledge of the land and oceans became more accurate.and oceans became more accurate.

• Developements in Sciences: many Developements in Sciences: many new plant and animal species were new plant and animal species were discovered (potato, tomato, tobacco,discovered (potato, tomato, tobacco,…)…)

PotatoPotato

The potato originated in the region of The potato originated in the region of southern Peru. Potatoes were first southern Peru. Potatoes were first domesticated in Peru between 3000 domesticated in Peru between 3000 BC and 2000 BC. In the Altiplano, BC and 2000 BC. In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca Empire.energy source for the Inca Empire.

TomatoTomato

The word The word tomatotomato comes from the  comes from the Nahuatl word  word tomatltomatl, literally "the , literally "the swelling fruit“ (aztecs)swelling fruit“ (aztecs)

CacaoCacao• The cacao tree is native to the Americas. It may have The cacao tree is native to the Americas. It may have

originated in the foothills of the originated in the foothills of the Andes in the  in the Amazon and  and Orinoco basins of  basins of South America.  It was first cultivated by .  It was first cultivated by the the Olmecs at least 1500 BC in Central America. at least 1500 BC in Central America.

• The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest.Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest.

• Cocoa was an important commodity in Cocoa was an important commodity in preColumbian  Mesoamerica. . Moctezuma II, emperor of the , emperor of the Aztecs, had no , had no other beverage than other beverage than chocolate, served in a , served in a golden goblet.  goblet. Flavored with Flavored with vanilla or other  or other spices, his chocolate was , his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth.whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth.

• Chocolate was introduced to Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the  by the Spaniards, and , and became a popular beverage by the mid 17th century.became a popular beverage by the mid 17th century.

Consequences of the Consequences of the discoveriesdiscoveries• Contact between different peoplesContact between different peoples• Diseases introduced by the Europeans Diseases introduced by the Europeans

caused a dramatic decline in the caused a dramatic decline in the indigenous population of America indigenous population of America ((Epidemics of Epidemics of smallpox (1518,1521,1525,1558,1589),  (1518,1521,1525,1558,1589), typhus (1546), influenza (1558), diphtheria (1614)  (1546), influenza (1558), diphtheria (1614) and measles (1618) killed between 10 million and and measles (1618) killed between 10 million and 20 million people, up to 95% of the 20 million people, up to 95% of the indigenous indigenous populationpopulation of the Americas of the Americas

QUIZZQUIZZWho reached the Cape of Good Hope in Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in

1488?1488?Who arrived in a new country thinking Who arrived in a new country thinking

that he had reached Capango?that he had reached Capango?Who reached India going east in 1498?Who reached India going east in 1498?What is the name of the cartographer What is the name of the cartographer

that first included America in 1500?that first included America in 1500?Who gave name to the new country in Who gave name to the new country in

1502?1502?Who circumnavigated the earth between Who circumnavigated the earth between

1519-1522?1519-1522?

QuizQuiz

Who was the Aztec emperor when Who was the Aztec emperor when the Spanish arrived?the Spanish arrived?

Who conquered the Aztec empire?Who conquered the Aztec empire?Who was the Inca emperor when the Who was the Inca emperor when the

Spanish arrived?Spanish arrived?Who conquered the Inca empire?Who conquered the Inca empire?

Match the cities with the Pre-Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian civilizations:Columbian civilizations:

Cities Civilizations

Chichen Itza Aztec empire

Machu Pichu

Cuzco Inca empire

Quito

Tenochtitlan Maya civilization

Total score ______ / 13

ANSWER KEYANSWER KEY

Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?1488?

Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu DiasWho arrived in a new country thinking that Who arrived in a new country thinking that

he had reached Capango?he had reached Capango?

Christopher ColumbusChristopher ColumbusWho reached India going east in 1498? Who reached India going east in 1498?

Vasco de GamaVasco de Gama

Answer keyAnswer key

What is the name of the cartographer that What is the name of the cartographer that first included America in 1500?first included America in 1500?

Juan de la CosaJuan de la CosaWho gave name to the new country in Who gave name to the new country in

1502?1502?

Americo Vespucci (1502)Americo Vespucci (1502)Who circumnavigated the earth between Who circumnavigated the earth between

1519-1522? 1519-1522?

Magellan - Juan Sebastián ElcanoMagellan - Juan Sebastián Elcano

ANSWER KEYANSWER KEY

Who was the Aztec emperor when the Who was the Aztec emperor when the Spanish arrived? Spanish arrived?

Moctezuma IIMoctezuma IIWho conquered the Aztec empire?Who conquered the Aztec empire?

Hernán CortésHernán CortésWho was the Inca emperor when the Who was the Inca emperor when the

Spanish arrived? Spanish arrived?

Atahualpa Atahualpa Who conquered the Inca empire? Who conquered the Inca empire?

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian civilizations:civilizations:

Cities Civilizations

Tenochtitlán Aztec empire

Chichen Itza Maya civilization

Machu Pichu Inca empire

Cuzco Inca empire

Quito Inca empire

Total score ______ / 13

VIDEOSVIDEOS

• http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J-watch?v=6J-yl9Ba7zw&feature=relmfyl9Ba7zw&feature=relmfuu

AZTECSAZTECS

• http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=9J4E964Ce3E&playnev=9J4E964Ce3E&playnext=1&list=PLE1F9CFB5Cxt=1&list=PLE1F9CFB5C488DD56488DD56

MAYASMAYAS

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgJrALbMoKIwatch?v=TgJrALbMoKI

INCASINCAS

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=P2YBVlgqqco&featurv=P2YBVlgqqco&feature=relatede=related

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=t9ADrIrG8as&featurv=t9ADrIrG8as&feature=fvste=fvst