Unit 8B:Motivation and Emotion:

Emotions, Stress and Health

Unit Overview

• Theories of Emotion

• Embodied Emotion

• Expressed Emotion

• Experienced Emotion

• Stress and Health

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Theories of Emotion

Theories of emotions

• Emotion–Physiological arousal

–Expressive behavior

–Conscious experience

• Common sense theory

Theories of emotions

• James-Lange theory

Theories of emotions

• Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of emotions

• Two-factor theory–Schachter-Singer

Theories of emotions

Embodied Emotion

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

• Autonomic nervous system–Sympathetic nervous system

• arousing

–Parasympathetic nervous system• Calming

–Moderate arousal is ideal

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions

• Different movie experiment

Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions

• Differences in brain activity–Amygdala

–Frontal lobes• Nucleus accumbens

–Polygraph

Cognition and EmotionCognition Can Define Emotion

• Spill over effect–Schachter-Singer experiment

• Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

Cognition and EmotionCognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion

• Influence of the amygdala

Expressed Emotion

Detecting Emotion

• Nonverbal cues–Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions

• Facial feedback

Experienced Emotion

Fear

• Adaptive value of fear

• The biology of fear–amygdala

Anger

• Anger–Evoked by events

–Catharsis

–Expressing anger can increase anger

Happiness

• Happiness–Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

–Well-being

HappinessThe Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs

• Watson’s studies

HappinessWealth and Well-Being

HappinessWealth and Well-Being

HappinessTwo Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison

• Happiness and Prior Experience–Adaptation-level phenomenon

• Happiness and others’ attainments–Relative deprivation

HappinessPredictors of Happiness

Stress and Health

Introduction

• Health psychology

• Behavioral medicine

Stress and Illness

• Stress–Stress appraisal

Stress and IllnessThe Stress Response System

• Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)–Alarm

–Resistance

–exhaustion

Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and IllnessStressful Life Events

• Catastrophes

• Significant life changes

• Daily hassles

Stress and the Heart

• Coronary heart disease

• Type A versus Type B–Type A

–Type B

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

• Psychophysiological illnesses

• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)–Lymphocytes

• B lymphocytes

• T lymphocytes

–Stress and AIDS

–Stress and Cancer

The End

Definition Slides

Emotion

= a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Two-factor Theory

= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Polygraph

= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Facial Feedback

= the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

Catharsis

= emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

= people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Well-being

= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Adaptation-level Phenomenon

= our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Relative Deprivation

= the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Behavioral Medicine

= an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

Health Psychology

= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Stress

= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Coronary Heart Disease

= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

Type A

= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B

= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Psychophysiological Illness

= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Lymphocytes

= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.