Unit 9: Emotion, Stress and Health. Stress: any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a...
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Unit 9: Emotion, Stress and Health. Stress: any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being. Stressor: any physical or psychological
Stress: any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a
persons well-being. Stressor: any physical or psychological
challenge that threatens homeostasis Phys: injury, exertion, noise,
overcrowding, excessive heat or cold Psych: interpersonal conflict,
peer pressure, time- pressure tasks, expectations, achievement
The Stress Response System Cannon - stress response (fast) was
a fight-or-flight response outpouring of epinephrine and
norepinephrine inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and
respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain.
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Hans Selye: a stress response
to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes
through three phases
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Appraisal of Stress: Stage 1: Alarm
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Phase 2: Resistance and Stress Response Behavioral: actual
fight or flight Physiological: alteration to physiology to prep to
fight or flight Negative emotional states: frustration, fear,
anxiety, pressure Eustress: positive stress
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Types of Conflict (stressors) 1.Approach-approach: choose
between one of two attractive goals Hanging out with a friend you
havent seen in forever or going to a baseball game you really want
to see
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2. Avoidance-avoidance Choose between two unattractive options
Lesser of two evils Cleaning your room or studying for your psych
test on Tuesday
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3. Approach-avoidance Choose a goal that has both attractive
and unattractive features You want to purchase the new iPhone 87s
with super cool features (it does your taxes and stuff) but you
have to work 4 straight days overtime in order to afford the
$800/month charge
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4. Double approach-avoidance Must choose between two
alternatives, both which have positive and negative features You
need to choose between two colleges you like, but both have
negative features as well
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Phase 3: Exhaustion
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Stress and the Heart Stress that leads to elevated blood
pressure may result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of the
vessels that nourish the heart muscle. Plaque in coronary artery
Artery clogged
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Personality Types Type A is a term used for competitive,
hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone
people. Type B refers to easygoing, relaxed people (Friedman and
Rosenman, 1974). Type A personalities are more likely to develop
coronary heart disease.
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Figure 12.24 Where life satisfaction is high, hypertension
rates are low Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright 2010 by
Worth Publishers
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Stress & Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological
illness: stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and
some headaches. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): field that studies
health effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on
the immune system
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Psychoneuroimmunology Studies the following: B lymphocytes
fight bacterial infections, T lymphocytes attack cancer cells and
viruses, Microphages ingest foreign substances. During stress,
energy is mobilized away from the immune system making it
vulnerable.
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Stress and AIDS Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the
progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). UNAIDS/ G. Pirozzi
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Stress and Cancer Stress does not create cancer cells.
Researchers disagree on whether stress influences the progression
of cancer. However, they do agree that avoiding stress and having a
hopeful attitude cannot reverse advanced cancer.
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Figure 12.29 Stress can have a variety of health-related
consequences Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright 2010 by
Worth Publishers
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Inability to control life causes stress
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Practice Question #1 Which of the following is LEAST likely to
affect the immune systems ability to ward off illness? A.Exposure
to stress associated with final examination week B.Having a serious
argument with a close friend C.Experiencing the death of a loved
one D.Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
E.Suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights
writing a research paper
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Practice Question #2 Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A
personality pattern are at an increased risk for A.Alzheimers
disease B.Cardiovascular disease C.Schizophrenia D.Substance abuse
E.Anorexia nervosa
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Practice Question #3 The stress hormones epinephrine and
norepinephrine are released from the A.Parasympathetic nervous
system B.Hippocampus C.Tend and befriend response D.Adrenal glands
E.Hypothalamus
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Mediators of Stress 1.Adequacy of coping skills 2.Available
support system 3.Intensity and duration of the stressor/history of
stress 4.Individual beliefs Locus of control Internal: a belief
that a person has control over rewards and punishments in life
External: a belief that luck, chance, and powerful people determine
events
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Explanatory Style People with an optimistic (instead of
pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over
stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods,
and have a stronger immune system.
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Social Support Supportive family members, marriage partners,
and close friends help people cope with stress. Their immune
functioning calms the cardiovascular system and lowers blood
pressure.
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Aerobic Exercise aerobic exercise can elevate mood and well-
being raises energy, increases self- confidence, and lowers
tension, depression, and anxiety.
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Biofeedback, Relaxation, and Meditation Biofeedback systems use
electronic devices to inform people about their physiological
responses What can you then do from what you know about behavior
feedback? Relaxation and meditation have similar effects in
reducing tension and anxiety.
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Intervening Factors Investigators suggest there are three
factors that connect religious involvement and better health.
Behavioral strategies Time management Behavior modification
Relaxation training Biofeedback Meditation Avoiding stressors
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Realizing and creating well being Well-being: life is good
Awareness: support Encouraging others to develop deeper meanings:
peace and love, bro Self-efficacy: having control in your life