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UNIT 9
Indian Removal
Cattle DrivesRailroads
1866- U.S. sent soldiers to build forts & protect the settlers in TX.
* Not effective• Too spread out• Not enough soldiers /supplies• Untrained in Indian warfare
1867- Treaty of Medicine Lodge:Native Americans would stop raiding & move to reservations in
exchange for food & shelter.
* Not Effective• Some tribes would not sign or
go to reservations• Agents provided inadequate
shelter & food• Some Native Americans left
reservations to raid
1871 –1876 Frontier CampaignsArmy was sent out to destroy N. American camps & force them onto reservation.
Several chiefs fought back.
• Satanta – Kiowa killed himself in the Huntsville prison
• Quanah Parker – Comanche w/white mother Cynthia Ann, surrender in 1875 at Ft. Sill
• Victorio – Apache captured & killed by buffalo soldiers in Mex. 1880
Reasons -the army defeated the Plains
Indians• Invention -colt six shooter & other repeating guns evens the odds• Buffalo hunter destroyed their way of life–* 3.7 million were killed in 2yrs
Cattle Drives- started after the Civil War (1865)
• North needed beef• RR’s expanded into Central Plains• Est. 5 million wild longhorns in TX.
Profitable
• Free cattle sold for $5 in the south up to $40 in the North•Moved in the Spring to feed on grass•Needed only 10 -12 men to move 2,000
Trail drives hard work• 18 hr. days (night hawking)• Most cowboys were young• 20% dropped out of the drive• Dangerous:• River crossings• Stampedes• Weather• Rustlers
African American cowhand
1 out of 6 cowboys were:* Black* Mexican* Native American
* Even women & children went on cattle drive
Famous Trails & Ranches
• Chisholm – named after Native American Jessie Chisholm
• Sedalia – closed due to Texas fever• Great Western – ended in Ogallala, Neb.• Goodnight Loving – ended in Wyoming
http://www.wchm-tx.org/Chisholm_trail.htm
Reasons Why Trail Driving Ended
• RR’s came to Texas• Price of cattle dropped• Disease closed some trails• Invention of barbwire- closed the trails
Railroads – move people and goods quickly and cheaply
400 miles of track before the Civil War
10,000 miles by 1900
Land grants encourage RR’s to build
Cities w/several RR’s became trade centers
Unit 11 Westward Expansion
•Campaign•Agent•Commissary•Renegade•Open Range
•Vaquero• Stockyard•Drover•Wrangler•Quarantine