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Unit IIUnit II
The Gilded Age and ProgressivismThe Gilded Age and Progressivism
Section I: Immigration, Industrialization, & Urbanization
“New” vs. “Old” Immigrants
““Old ImmigrantsOld Immigrants”” – –
Immigrants who arrived from Northern and Western EuropeImmigrants who arrived from Northern and Western Europe
(1630—1860).(1630—1860). Old nationalities included English, German, Irish, Scots, etc.Old nationalities included English, German, Irish, Scots, etc.
““New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants”” – –
Immigrants who arrived from Eastern and Southern Europe Immigrants who arrived from Eastern and Southern Europe
(1870—1914).(1870—1914). New nationalities included Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Italians, New nationalities included Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Italians,
etc.etc.
Push factorsPush factors – factors that compel people to leave their – factors that compel people to leave their
homeshomes Ex: Poor economic conditions, wars, religious discrimination and Ex: Poor economic conditions, wars, religious discrimination and
other factors that force people to emigrate from a nation.other factors that force people to emigrate from a nation.
Pull factorsPull factors – factors that draw people to a new place – factors that draw people to a new place Ex: Good economic conditions, peace, religious freedom, and Ex: Good economic conditions, peace, religious freedom, and
other factors that motivate people to immigrate into a nation.other factors that motivate people to immigrate into a nation.
Why are Immigrants Leaving?
The Journey to AmericaThe Journey to America
Passage on ships was Passage on ships was
the only means of the only means of
travel in early on.travel in early on.
Many immigrants Many immigrants
traveled as traveled as steeragesteerage
(third class).(third class).
Ellis IslandEllis Island
Opening in 1892 , Opening in 1892 , an immigration station, located in NYC, an immigration station, located in NYC,
welcomed new immigrants into Americawelcomed new immigrants into America
First-class and second-class passengers were usually First-class and second-class passengers were usually
inspected on the ship and released.inspected on the ship and released.
About About 2% were denied entry 2% were denied entry and sent back to the nation of and sent back to the nation of
origin.origin.
Many new immigrants remained in New York City or traveled Many new immigrants remained in New York City or traveled
to other eastern cities for economic or social reasons.to other eastern cities for economic or social reasons.
Ellis IslandEllis Island
Ellis IslandEllis Island
Angel IslandAngel Island Immigration station Immigration station
located in located in San Francisco San Francisco
Bay, primarily serving Bay, primarily serving
Asian immigrants Asian immigrants
Many Many Angel Island Angel Island
immigrants had to immigrants had to wait wait
weeks to be processedweeks to be processed and and
lived in poor conditions lived in poor conditions
until released.until released.
Assimilation for ImmigrantsAssimilation for Immigrants
The The majority of immigrants lived in ethnic majority of immigrants lived in ethnic
neighborhoods neighborhoods with people who shared their native with people who shared their native
language, religion, and culture.language, religion, and culture.
SettlementSettlement houseshouses offered Americanization programs offered Americanization programs to to
help immigrants help immigrants develop some skills, learn English, and develop some skills, learn English, and
adopt to American styles of dress and dietadopt to American styles of dress and diet..
Example: Hull House by Jane AddamsExample: Hull House by Jane Addams
Assimilation for ImmigrantsAssimilation for Immigrants
““Melting PotMelting Pot”” – – Many immigrants held on to their traditions and cultureMany immigrants held on to their traditions and culture, ,
while adding to the culture of the United States.while adding to the culture of the United States. This This blend of cultures created one distinct American blend of cultures created one distinct American
culture culture ((E Pluribus UnumE Pluribus Unum).).
E Pluribus UnumE Pluribus Unum – – Phrase which means, Phrase which means, ““from many, onefrom many, one””
which indicates the unique blend of the which indicates the unique blend of the
culture of the United States.culture of the United States.
Immigrants Face Hostility..NativismNativism – – The belief that native-born citizens of the United States were The belief that native-born citizens of the United States were
superior to newcomers.superior to newcomers. Rose due to the competition for jobs, fear of religion, and Rose due to the competition for jobs, fear of religion, and
change.change.
EX. Chinese Exclusion ActEX. Chinese Exclusion Act
New American Industry
Innovation Drives A Nation
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison – –
Inventions:Inventions:
Phonograph (recorded Phonograph (recorded
sound- 1877)sound- 1877)
Motion picture cameraMotion picture camera
Light bulb (1880)Light bulb (1880)
Innovation Drives A Nation
Bessemer Steel ProcessBessemer Steel Process – –
Invented by Henry Bessemer (1850)- removing carbon Invented by Henry Bessemer (1850)- removing carbon
from ironfrom iron
Steel could now be produced more efficiently at lower Steel could now be produced more efficiently at lower
pricesprices
New Uses for SteelNew Uses for Steel – – railroads, bridges, skyscrapers, railroads, bridges, skyscrapers,
suspension bridgessuspension bridges
Innovation Drives A Nation
Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer
Innovation Drives A Nation
• Example: the Brooklyn Bridge
Innovation Drives A Nation
TypewriterTypewriter – –
Invented by Christopher Sholes Invented by Christopher Sholes
(1867).(1867).
TelephoneTelephone – –
Invented by Alexander Graham Invented by Alexander Graham
Bell (1876).Bell (1876).
Both inventions revolutionize Both inventions revolutionize
women’s role in the workplacewomen’s role in the workplace
Sky High Growth• Elisha Otis-
developed a safety elevator that would not fail if the lifting rope broke. Skyscrapers would not have been useful without new technology
Urbanization
America Becomes A Nation of Cities
Urbanization –Urbanization –
The rapid growth of cities which The rapid growth of cities which occurred in the late 19occurred in the late 19thth and early 20 and early 20thth
centuries due to the number of centuries due to the number of immigrants from other nations and immigrants from other nations and rural immigrants seeking jobs in the rural immigrants seeking jobs in the
city.city.
transportation improvementstransportation improvements electric trolleyselectric trolleys subwayssubways
Building and City PlanningBuilding and City Planning Steel improvements = skyscrapersSteel improvements = skyscrapers Central heating systems Central heating systems ElevatorsElevators
Technology Changes the Urban Technology Changes the Urban LandscapeLandscape – –
Technology Changes the Urban Technology Changes the Urban LandscapeLandscape
Rise of SuburbsRise of Suburbs – –
Areas around urban centers which Areas around urban centers which
utilized mass transit to travelutilized mass transit to travel
Frederick Law OlmstedFrederick Law Olmsted – –
Civil engineer who developed Civil engineer who developed
““green spacesgreen spaces”” in urban areas. in urban areas.
Most Famous work: Central Park in Most Famous work: Central Park in
New York CityNew York City
Urban Living Creates ProblemsUrban Living Creates Problems
Most immigrants and city poor lived in tenements (low-cost, multi-family housing. (ex. Dumbbell Tenements)
Major Problems In Cities
Problems
• Overcrowding• Unsafe housing• Sanitation• Fire• Crime
Solutions
• Housing regulations• Sanitation departments• Sewer systems• Professional fire
departments• City police
Section 2: Society and Culture
Social and Cultural Trends
Mark TwainMark Twain (aka Samuel (aka Samuel
Clemmons)–Clemmons)–
Writer who used satire to Writer who used satire to
describe life in the United States describe life in the United States
Famous work: Famous work: The Adventures of The Adventures of
Tom SawyerTom Sawyer
Coined the phrase, Coined the phrase, ““Gilded AgeGilded Age””
““Gilded AgeGilded Age”” – –
The term used to The term used to
describe last decades describe last decades
of the 19of the 19thth century century
(1880s—1890s) in (1880s—1890s) in
which the which the United United
States was considered States was considered
to have had a rotten to have had a rotten
core covered with core covered with
““golden paint.golden paint.””
Social and Cultural Trends
New Lifestyles Change CultureNew Lifestyles Change Culture – – Despite authors like Mark Twain, many in the 19Despite authors like Mark Twain, many in the 19thth century century
believed the United States was entering a golden age.believed the United States was entering a golden age. The increase in shopping, sports, newspaper readership, The increase in shopping, sports, newspaper readership,
magazines, and the development of a defining magazines, and the development of a defining ““American American CultureCulture”” distinct from other nations. distinct from other nations.
Conspicuous ConsumptionConspicuous Consumption – – The buying of the new products developed during the late The buying of the new products developed during the late
1919thth century by the wealthy, middle-class, and poor. century by the wealthy, middle-class, and poor. Only the very poorest could not afford many of the new Only the very poorest could not afford many of the new
luxuries.luxuries.
Social and Cultural Trends
Mass CultureMass Culture – – The effects of transportation, communication, and The effects of transportation, communication, and
advertising of new products increased the standard advertising of new products increased the standard of living of most Americans.of living of most Americans.
The style of clothing, product consumption, and The style of clothing, product consumption, and other cultural traits by the population at-large other cultural traits by the population at-large brought about the phenomenon of brought about the phenomenon of ““mass culture.mass culture.””
Social and Cultural Trends
NewspapersNewspapers – –
The newspaper of the The newspaper of the
Gilded Age reflected and Gilded Age reflected and
help create the mass help create the mass
culture of the age.culture of the age.
Competition for readership Competition for readership
led to more improved led to more improved
methods for selling methods for selling
newspapers (use of multi-newspapers (use of multi-
sections and sections and
advertisement).advertisement).
““Newspaper Row"Newspaper Row"New YorkNew York City, 1890City, 1890
Social and Cultural Trends
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer – –
Hungarian immigrant and veteran of the Civil Hungarian immigrant and veteran of the Civil
War.War.
Moved to NYC after engaging in Missouri politics. Moved to NYC after engaging in Missouri politics.
Editor of the Editor of the New York WorldNew York World newspaper who newspaper who
believed in informing people and stirring believed in informing people and stirring
controversy to sell newspapers.controversy to sell newspapers.
He used sensational writing and filled his paper He used sensational writing and filled his paper
with politics, comics, sports, and illustrations.with politics, comics, sports, and illustrations.
Social and Cultural Trends
William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst – –
Editor of the Editor of the New York New York
JournalJournal who also used a who also used a
sensationalized writing style sensationalized writing style
to sell newspapers.to sell newspapers.
Competition in NYC led to Competition in NYC led to
an all out battle for an all out battle for
readership and methods of readership and methods of
selling papers.selling papers.
Social and Cultural Trends
EducationEducation – – Public education in the Northeast spread to other areas around Public education in the Northeast spread to other areas around
the nation (including the South).the nation (including the South). The increase in education led to an increase in literacy.The increase in education led to an increase in literacy. The introduction of kindergarten and the creation of high schools The introduction of kindergarten and the creation of high schools
increased the age of school-aged students.increased the age of school-aged students. Schools were used to Americanize immigrants and vocational Schools were used to Americanize immigrants and vocational
classes (woodworking and science) prepared many for work.classes (woodworking and science) prepared many for work. New classes taught in schools included civics, history, English, and New classes taught in schools included civics, history, English, and
business to prepare graduates for the workforce.business to prepare graduates for the workforce.
Social and Cultural Trends
New Forms of EntertainmentNew Forms of Entertainment – – Amusement parks located near urban centers (e.g. Coney Amusement parks located near urban centers (e.g. Coney
Island).Island). Outdoor events and traveling shows (e.g. Buffalo BillOutdoor events and traveling shows (e.g. Buffalo Bill’’s Wild s Wild
West Show).West Show). Vaudeville shows were musical dramas and comedy.Vaudeville shows were musical dramas and comedy. Spectator Sports became popular:Spectator Sports became popular:
- Professional baseball leagues- Professional baseball leagues
- University football clubs.- University football clubs.
- Boxing- Boxing
VaudevilleVaudeville
Coney Island
1919thth Century Baseball Century Baseball
Boston Braves, 1890Boston Braves, 1890
Section 3: Captains of Industry
SECTION 4: Labor Unions
Labor Unions –
Organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its
members
Organized strikes as a means to gain benefits
Knights of Labor –
Formed in 1869 and opened to skilled and unskilled workers
Worked to create worker cooperatives
People feared labor unions, because of their socialist ideas Socialism- Economic and political philosophy that favors public
control of property and income, believed in the even distribution of wealth by the government
Karl Marx – German philosopher who expanded the ideals of socialism in
his Communist Manifesto (1848).
American Federation of Labor (AFL) Craft union formed by skilled workers
in closed shops. The union was not open to women,
immigrants, or Blacks.
Samuel Gompers – Founder and labor leader of the
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Methods used by Unions – Pick 3
Strike (refusal to work until employers meet demands).
Boycott (refusal to buy or pay for certain products in the
hopes of forcing producers to change their policies).
Collective Bargaining (process through which employees
negotiate as a united group rather than as individuals).
Arbitration (a form of mediation in which a third party
determines the outcome of a dispute which is legally
binding).
Closed Shop (employers can only hire union workers).
Methods used by Employers (to discourage unions)– Pick 3
Blacklisting (A list shared by employers with names of
employees that should not be hired).
Yellow-dog contract (Employer-Employee contract in which
the employee agrees not to join a union ).
Scabs (Someone willing to work despite labor union strikes ).
Lockout (Withholding work from employees during a labor
dispute).
Injunction (Court order demanding an employee provide a
service).
Eugene Debs – Founder of the American Railway
Union (ARU). Arrested during the Pullman Strike,
1894. Formed the Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW) in 1905. Ran for president in 1900 and 1912 on
the Socialist Party ticket.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877 –
First attempt to use the United States military to end a
strike.
Haymarket Riot (May, 1886) –
Workers went on strike and a dynamite bomb was thrown
resulting in the death of several workers and police.
Homestead Strike (1892) –
Steelworkers at Carnegie Steel went on strike, but were
put down by private police (Pinkertons)
Pullman Company Strike (1894) –
Organized by Eugene Debs against the Pullman Company
Complaints: reducing pay increasing rents in the company town
President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end the strike.
The results: death of 30 workers blacklisting of employees
Debs was arrested for “disrupting interstate commerce” under the Interstate Commerce Act
Pullman Company Strike (1894)Pullman Company Strike (1894)
Result of the Strikes –
The outcome of the strikes set a trend of businesses using
court orders against unions.
The violence initiated by unions made them unpopular for
the next two decades.
Section 5: Politics of the Gilded Age
Corruption in Government• Government
corruption grew after the Civil War• Examples:• Whiskey Ring• Credit Mobilier Scandal
Corruption in Government
• Whiskey Ring• During Grant’s
presidency• The IRS was not
collecting taxes in exchange for bribes from whiskey distillers
Corruption in Government
• Credit Mobilier Scandal• A scandal in which the
Union Pacific Railroad and Credit Mobilier (construction company) were highly overpaid for their work• 20 members of Congress
were found to be involved• Extra costs fell upon
travelers
Corruption in Government• These scandals were
blamed on the spoils system• Things began to change
though with the assassination of President James Garfield, who was killed by someone upset over not getting a political appointment
Corruption in Government• Pendleton Act• Established the Civil
Service Commission• Must pass a civil
service exam, positions were now based on merit
Corruption in Government• Corruption occurred on
the state and local level as well, because of urban growth• Political Machines• Organization in urban
areas meant to keep a particular group in power
• Graft (illegal use of one’s political position to gain wealth) became a common practice
Corruption in Government
• Most Famous Political Machine: Tammany Hall• Lead by William “Boss”
Tweed• Democratic party control of
New York City• Stole over $100 million
• Tweed was exposed and brought down by cartoonist Thomas Nast
Government Regulation• Scandal plagued presidential
elections• In the Election of 1884, both
candidates James Blaine (R) and Grover Cleveland (D) had scandals in their past• Many republicans switched
parties and voted for Cleveland, gaining the name Mugwumps