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Unit II: TransportRespiratory System
Chapter 20
pp 721-735
Review1. Blood normally flows into a capillary bed from: a.) distributing arteries,
b.) conducting arteries, c.) metarteriole, d.) thoroughfare channel, e.) venules
2. Plasma solutes enter the tissue fluid most easily from a.) continuous capillaries, b.) fenestrated capillaries, c.) arteriovenous anastomoses, d.) collateral vessels
3. A blood vessel adapted to withstand a high pulse pressure would be expected to have: a.) elastic tunica media, b.) thick tunica intima, c.) one-way valves, d.) a rigid tunica media
4. Intestinal blood flow to the liver by way of: a.) superior mesenteric artery, b.) celiac trunk, c.) inferior vena cava, d.) hepatic portal system
5. The capillaries of skeletal muscle are of the structural type called _______
Respiratory System
• Bring in oxygen; produce carbon dioxide as waste product
• Cardiopulmonary
• Homeostasis of acid-base balance
• Definitions:
– ventilation
– gas exchange
– aerobic (cellular) respiration
Upper Respiratory
Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming and reabsorbs heat and water from outgoing air
Tongue
NoseNasal cavitySinusesPharynxLarynx
Lower Respiratory
Conducts air to and fromthe as exchange surfaces
TracheaBronchusBronchiolesSmallest bronchioles
Alveoli
Leftlung
Right lung
Esophagus
Clavicle
Ribs
Diaphragm
Organs of Respiratory System
Right eye
Superior nasal concha
Middle meatusMiddle nasal concha
Superior meatus
Inferior meatusInferior nasal concha
TongueMandible
Hard palateVomer
Perpendicularplate of ethmoidNasal Septum
Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal air cell
Maxillary sinus
Nose
• Functions:
– warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air
– detects odors
– resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
• Bony and cartilaginous supports
• Sinuses
A chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems
Pharynx
Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Trachea Larynx
Tongue
Glottis
Soft palate
Hard palate
External nares
Internal nares
Nasal vestibuleNasal cavity
Nasal Cavity
• External to internal nares
• Nasal septum
• Nasal fossae
• Vestibule: stratified squamous
– vibrissae (guard hairs)
Nasal Cavity
Frontalsinus
Nasal conchae:Superior
Middle
Inferior
Guard hairsExternal nares (nostril)Hard palate
Vestibule
• Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
• Meatuses
– narrowness and turbulence
ensures air contacts membranes
• Olfactory epithelium
– lines roof of nasal fossa
• Respiratory epithelium
– ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
– lysozyme destroys bacteria
Posterior nasal aperture
Ethmoid bone
Regions of Pharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pharynx:
Vomer
Hyoidbone
Trachea
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachealcartilages
Vestibular ligament
Vocal ligament
PosteriorAnterior
Anterior view
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachealcartilages
Posterior viewSagittal section
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Large Cartilages
Ligamentous attachmentsto hyoid bone
Laryngealprominence
Larynx
• Exclude food and drink from airway
– Epiglottis
– Vestibular folds
• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic muscles
Larynx• Vocal cords
– Glottis
– stratified squamous
Corniculate cartilage
Aryepiglotticfold
Vestibular foldEpiglottis
Glottis (open) Glottis (closed)
Vocal fold(open glottis)
Vocal fold(closed glottis)
Vestibular fold
Cuneiform cartilage
Root of tongue
Trachea
• Tube 4.5 in. long x 1 in. diameter
• C-shaped cartilaginous rings
– trachealis spans opening in rings
• pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• forks into primary/main bronchi
Larynx
Trachea
Primarybronchi
Secondarybronchi
Thyroidcartilage
Cricoidcartilage
Trachealismuscle
Hyalinecartilage ring
Lumen
Mucosa
Mucous gland
Mucous gland
(c)(a)
(b)
Particlesof debris
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Mucociliaryescalator
Mucus
Ciliated cell
Tertiarybronchi
Epithelium: Goblet cell
Trachea
Lungs - Surface Anatomy
Left lung:
•Smaller
•Cardiac impression
•Superior & inferior lobes
Right lung:
•Larger
•Superior, inferior, and middle lobes
Primary bronchusCartilage
LEFT LUNG
Hilum
Secondary bronchus
Visceral pleura
Bronchiole
Secondary(superior lobarbronchus)
TertiarybronchiRespiratory
epithelium
Smooth muscle
BronchiolesTerminal bronchiole
Pulmonary lobule
1mm or less in diameter
Lack cartilage
Ventilates a pulmonary lobule
Bronchial Tree – Conducting Division
• Branches of the pulmonary arteries follow branches of bronchial tree
• Bronchial artery nourishes bronchial tree itself
Pulmonary arteryBronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Respiratory bronchiole
Branch ofpulmonary vein Capillary
beds
Bronchial artery (red),nerve (yellow), and vein (blue)
The Pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Bronchial Tree – Respiratory Division
Capillary
Elastic fibers
Type II pneumocytes
Type I pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages
Air pore
Endothelialcell of capillary
Bronchial Tree – Respiratory Division
• Alveoli – main site for gas exchange
– Type I cells (95%) and Type II cuboidal cells
– Pulmonary surfactant
Pleurae and Pleural Fluid
• Visceral and parietal pleurae
• Pleural cavity –
– pleural fluid
• Functions:
1. reduce friction
2. create pressure gradient
3. compartmentalization