Unit IIIUnit IIIPart 3Part 3

The Revolutionary WarThe Revolutionary War

Principal CampaignsPrincipal Campaigns

NOTE: In the early stages of the NOTE: In the early stages of the war there was a real danger that all war there was a real danger that all colonists did not desire separation.colonists did not desire separation.

The Battle of Long The Battle of Long Island (New York Island (New York August 1776): Howe brought 3,000 August 1776): Howe brought 3,000 troops from England and defeated troops from England and defeated Washington. The British held NY Washington. The British held NY until the end of the war. until the end of the war.

Principal Campaigns Principal Campaigns

TrentonTrenton NJ December 1776): Washington NJ December 1776): Washington Attacked Attacked HessiansHessians commanded by General commanded by General Ralls the morning after Christmas. Within Ralls the morning after Christmas. Within 45 minutes 1,000 of 1300 Hessians were 45 minutes 1,000 of 1300 Hessians were killed or captured.killed or captured.

PrincetonPrinceton (NJ) Washington slipped away (NJ) Washington slipped away from British under Cornwallis who from British under Cornwallis who outnumbered Washington’s troops by outnumbered Washington’s troops by quite a margin.quite a margin.

The British Attack from The British Attack from CanadaCanada

Three-pronged attack from CanadaThree-pronged attack from Canada Were to meet in AlbanyWere to meet in Albany Purpose: to cut New England off Purpose: to cut New England off

from the rest of the coloniesfrom the rest of the colonies Howe from NY Howe from NY Burgoyne from MontrealBurgoyne from Montreal St. Leger from Lake OntarioSt. Leger from Lake Ontario

Problems with the 3-Problems with the 3-prongesd attack…prongesd attack…

Howe was supposed to go from New Howe was supposed to go from New York directly to Albany.York directly to Albany.

He decided to attack Philly “on his He decided to attack Philly “on his way”way”

He beat Washington’s troops at He beat Washington’s troops at Philly and the CC ran away to Philly and the CC ran away to BaltimoreBaltimore

BUT he left Burgoyne in the lurchBUT he left Burgoyne in the lurch

Other problemsOther problems

Burgoyne came from Montreal but Burgoyne came from Montreal but brought his canon with him. brought his canon with him.

He DID take back Fort Ticonderoga He DID take back Fort Ticonderoga BUTBUT

He was slowed down to a mile a day He was slowed down to a mile a day because Americans had put because Americans had put obstacles on the road (trees)obstacles on the road (trees)

More ProblemsMore Problems

St. Leger from Lake Ontario was St. Leger from Lake Ontario was stopped by troops commanded by stopped by troops commanded by Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold

Other British forces in support of the Other British forces in support of the main forces were stopped by the main forces were stopped by the Green Mountain Boys (Ethan Allen)Green Mountain Boys (Ethan Allen)

Nathan HaleNathan Hale

Was an American school teacher Was an American school teacher who spied on the Britishwho spied on the British

He was caught and hangedHe was caught and hanged Said, “I only regret that I have but Said, “I only regret that I have but

one life to give to my country…”one life to give to my country…”

SaratogaSaratoga

The turning point of the warThe turning point of the war Because it brought France in Because it brought France in as an ally as an ally

(and Spain too as she was allied with (and Spain too as she was allied with France)France)

Gates (with support from some of Gates (with support from some of Washington’s troops) surrounded Washington’s troops) surrounded Burgoyne’s troops who surrenderedBurgoyne’s troops who surrendered

Burgoyne had 4 times the losses that Gates Burgoyne had 4 times the losses that Gates hadhad

Foreign AidForeign Aid

Before entering into a formal treaty Before entering into a formal treaty of alliance France, and Spain, and of alliance France, and Spain, and the Netherlands had been giving the Netherlands had been giving unofficial aid BUTunofficial aid BUT

France needed to be certain that France needed to be certain that there was a chance of winning there was a chance of winning before an official Treaty of Alliance before an official Treaty of Alliance was signedwas signed

Treaty of Alliance with Treaty of Alliance with France 1778France 1778

When Franklin got the news of Saratoga, When Franklin got the news of Saratoga, he was able to convince the French that he was able to convince the French that the time was right the time was right

Franklin headed the Committee of Foreign Franklin headed the Committee of Foreign Affairs…(forerunner of the State Dept.)Affairs…(forerunner of the State Dept.)

Franklin (overstepped his authority) had Franklin (overstepped his authority) had promised the French that there would be promised the French that there would be no separate peace and that France would no separate peace and that France would enjoy most of America’s trade after the enjoy most of America’s trade after the war (nether will work out)war (nether will work out)

Foreign aidForeign aid

France gave more than 8 million in gifts France gave more than 8 million in gifts and loans (will not be paid back, will not and loans (will not be paid back, will not get our post war trade, will have a get our post war trade, will have a separate peace settlement and will end separate peace settlement and will end up with the French Revolution in 1789)up with the French Revolution in 1789)

Spain will give $250,000 and some loansSpain will give $250,000 and some loans Netherlands: loans and harassed British Netherlands: loans and harassed British

shipsships

France and SpainFrance and Spain

Wanted revenge from the French Wanted revenge from the French and Indian Warand Indian War

Both wanted (and expected) America Both wanted (and expected) America to be a weak coastal trading power to be a weak coastal trading power and a much-weakened Englandand a much-weakened England

France and SpainFrance and Spain Helped America most by keeping the Helped America most by keeping the

British navy busy in West Indies with British navy busy in West Indies with their combined fleet.their combined fleet.

Spain kept asking for Gibraltar, Spain kept asking for Gibraltar, Portugal…we did not have the means to Portugal…we did not have the means to deliver.deliver.

Charles III (Spain) was not comfortable Charles III (Spain) was not comfortable siding with independent-minded siding with independent-minded colonists against a monarchy. He did colonists against a monarchy. He did not want his OWN colonies to get any not want his OWN colonies to get any ideas.ideas.

The League of Armed The League of Armed NeutralityNeutrality

Formed by Catherine the Great of RussiaFormed by Catherine the Great of Russia Members: Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Members: Russia, Prussia, Denmark,

Sweden, PortugalSweden, Portugal

All of the above were sick and tired of All of the above were sick and tired of getting caught in the middle of fighting getting caught in the middle of fighting between England and France.between England and France.

An attack on one would be considered an An attack on one would be considered an act of war by the whole league.act of war by the whole league.

Keep in Mind…Keep in Mind…

1776…Britain v America1776…Britain v America 1778…Britain v America, France, 1778…Britain v America, France,

Spain, Spain, 1779…the Netherlands and were 1779…the Netherlands and were

threatened by the League of Armed threatened by the League of Armed Neutrality AND were putting down Neutrality AND were putting down Irish Rebellions AND were putting Irish Rebellions AND were putting down pro-American riots at homedown pro-American riots at home

Meanwhile…1777 Meanwhile…1777 (winter)(winter)

After the failed 3-pronged attack, After the failed 3-pronged attack, Howe spent the winter in a Philly Howe spent the winter in a Philly hotel room with a “close friend”hotel room with a “close friend”

Washington starved and froze at Washington starved and froze at Valley ForgeValley Forge

Howe could have easily defeated Howe could have easily defeated Washington if he choseWashington if he chose

Spring of 1778Spring of 1778

Howe resigned. Claimed that he Howe resigned. Claimed that he was not getting sufficient support was not getting sufficient support from Britain.from Britain.

Clinton replaced Howe and Clinton replaced Howe and Washington NEARLY defeated Washington NEARLY defeated Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth when Clinton moved the British when Clinton moved the British army back to NY from Philly army back to NY from Philly

WashingtonWashington

Had been defeated in the last major Had been defeated in the last major battle in the Northbattle in the North

There was talk of replacing him with There was talk of replacing him with Gates (who had won at Saratoga)Gates (who had won at Saratoga)

THEN Benedict Arnold turned traitor.THEN Benedict Arnold turned traitor. Tried to turn West Point over to the BritsTried to turn West Point over to the Brits Washington had been his biggest Washington had been his biggest

supportersupporter

In the WestIn the West

American defeats in 1778 at American defeats in 1778 at Wyoming Valley and Cherry ValleyWyoming Valley and Cherry Valley

NOTE: the West meant IllinoisNOTE: the West meant Illinois

THEN the tide turned when George THEN the tide turned when George Rogers Clark took command in the Rogers Clark took command in the West. American victories at West. American victories at Kalkaska, Ill. and Vincennes, IndianaKalkaska, Ill. and Vincennes, Indiana

The Brits decided to The Brits decided to move the war Southmove the war South

More loyalists thereMore loyalists there Believed that they would be joined Believed that they would be joined

by the loyalistsby the loyalists BUT loyalists were afraid to helpBUT loyalists were afraid to help Some resented the British presence Some resented the British presence

and joined the patriotsand joined the patriots Still…British victories 1778 Still…British victories 1778

Savannah & 1780 at CharlestonSavannah & 1780 at Charleston

The Swamp FoxThe Swamp Fox

American legendary hero in the American legendary hero in the SouthSouth

Francis Marion…guerilla fighterFrancis Marion…guerilla fighter

More warMore war

1778 British General Cornwallis 1778 British General Cornwallis crushed Gates in Camden, SCcrushed Gates in Camden, SC

Gates was recalled by Washington Gates was recalled by Washington and replaced with Greene (a Quaker)and replaced with Greene (a Quaker)

John Paul JonesJohn Paul Jones

Sept 1779 John Paul Jones and his ship Sept 1779 John Paul Jones and his ship the the Bonhomme RichardBonhomme Richard went up went up against the British ship the against the British ship the SerapisSerapis

Jones fled to Holland with prizes of warJones fled to Holland with prizes of war

The Brits demanded that the Dutch The Brits demanded that the Dutch turn Jones over…the Dutch refusedturn Jones over…the Dutch refused

So the Brits at war with the Dutch too.So the Brits at war with the Dutch too.

Yorktown (Va) 1781Yorktown (Va) 1781

The last major battle of the WarThe last major battle of the War Washington v CornwallisWashington v Cornwallis

Cornwallis had his back to the sea…Cornwallis had his back to the sea…where the French navy was waitingwhere the French navy was waiting

Was faced by Washington’s troopsWas faced by Washington’s troops The Brits surrendered…to the The Brits surrendered…to the

French!French!

The Treaty of Paris 1783The Treaty of Paris 1783

American delegates: Franklin, Jay, American delegates: Franklin, Jay, Adams, JeffersonAdams, Jefferson

Florida from Britain to SpainFlorida from Britain to Spain Americans given independenceAmericans given independence Americans given land East of Miss Americans given land East of Miss

BUT NOT Canada or New Orleans BUT NOT Canada or New Orleans (was Spanish)(was Spanish)

The Treaty…The Treaty… Americans given some fishing rights Americans given some fishing rights

off the coast of Newfoundlandoff the coast of Newfoundland Americans agreed to pay debts to Americans agreed to pay debts to

British merchants incurred before the British merchants incurred before the warwar

Americans agreed to compensate Americans agreed to compensate loyalistsloyalists

Brits agreed to compensate owners of Brits agreed to compensate owners of slaves that Brits freedslaves that Brits freed

Brits agreed to vacate forts in AmericaBrits agreed to vacate forts in America The Treaty will lead to problems laterThe Treaty will lead to problems later

Some People are Some People are like slinkieslike slinkies

They’re good for They’re good for nothingnothing

but they still but they still make you smile make you smile when you push when you push them down the them down the

stairs.stairs.Happy Friday!Happy Friday!