Unit Objectives To learn how adjectives may be used · Gianni Dagli Orti/Biblioteca Estense Modena/The Art Archive Unit Objectives • To learn how adjectives may be used as nouns

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Unit Objectives• To learn how adjectives may be used

as nouns

• To learn the past perfect and futureperfect active tenses

• To learn the perfect, past perfect, andfuture perfect passive tenses

• To learn personal pronouns and reviewpossessive adjectives

• To learn about the perfect passiveparticiple

• To learn about the present passiveinfinitive

• To read more stories from the Aeneid

• To learn about the Roman house andits furnishings

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A scene by an unknown artist showingmany of the events in Book V of theAeneid. Aeneas has left Carthage and stopsin Sicily to preside over funeral games forhis father, Anchises, who had died there.The artist has followed Vergil’s narrative ingreat detail. Have your teacher tell you thestory and see how many of the events youcan identify.

D¬dß ad Annam sorßrem1 proper¤vit: “Anna soror,” d¬xit, “animus meusmiser per¬cul¬s terr±tur; Aen±am amß. Quid agam?”

Anna respondit: “Aen±¤s est bonus et am¬cus vir. Prß Trßi¤ pugn¤vit sedpatriam ¤m¬sit; nunc prß nostr¤ patri¤ multßs annßs pugn¤bit. F¬nitim¬ nßnsunt am¬c¬. Termin¬ nostr¬ ab Aen±¤ proeli¬s d±fendentur.”

Aen±¤s in §fric¤ cum r±g¬n¤ pulchr¤ m¤nsit. D¬dß Trßi¤num per mediumoppidum d¥xit et e¬2 oppidum mßnstr¤vit.

Tum Iuppiter Mercurium n¥ntium ad Aen±am m¬sit. “Annum in hßc3

locß ±gist¬,” Mercurius d¬xit. “Verba de¬ memori¤ nßn ten±s; proper¤ inItaliam cum soci¬s tu¬s, ubi f¬lius tuus reget. Ibi ßtium hab±bis.”

Aen±¤s socißs convoc¤vit. Soci¬ fr¥mentum in n¤v±s4 port¤v±runt. D¬dßAen±am appell¤vit:

“C¥r5 fugis? D¥rus es; ini¥riam facis. Magnum est per¬culum nostrum. §popul¬s f¬nitim¬s agr¬ nostr¬ occup¤buntur, oppidum ¤mitt±tur. Praesidiumnostrum esse d±b±s. In concordi¤ perpetu¤ habit¤bimus.”

Aen±¤s respondit: “Deum Mercurium v¬d¬. Officium meum est ad Italiamn¤vig¤re. D¥rum est, sed deus imperat6.”

Aen±¤s tard± excessit et ad n¤v±s v±nit. Soci¬ conv±n±runt et n¤v±s inaquam tr¤x±runt. Tum n¤v±s und¬s vent¬sque comm¬s±runt. D¬dß miseran¤v±s v¬dit et s± interf±cit7.

Trßi¤n¬ ad Italiam migr¤v±runt et patriam novam inv±n±runt. D¬dß v¬tam¤m¬sit; Aen±¤s patriam inv±nit. Ita in libr¬s po±t¤rum scr¬bitur.

Questions1. Why was Dido troubled? 2. Why did Anna and Dido both think that Aeneas should stay?3. What does Mercury tell Aeneas to do?4. What arguments did Dido use to try to persuade Aeneas to stay in

Carthage?5. What did Dido do after Aeneas left? 6. Where did Aeneas go?7. How long did Aeneas stay with Dido?

206 U N I T V i M i s s i o n t o a N e w W o r l d : A e n e a s a n d R o m e

L e s s o n X x i x

Aen±¤s et D¬dß

Lesson

Objectives

• To read about Aeneasand Dido

• To learn the use ofadjectives as nouns inLatin

1 sister (acc.)2 to him (dat.)3 this4 ships (acc. pl.)5 why6 commands (me)7 killed herself

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Noun

per¬ćulum, -¬ n. danger (perilous)

Adjective

mi´ser, mi´sera, mi´serum unhappy, poor (miserable)

Verb

¤mit´tß, ¤mit´tere, ¤m¬´s¬, [¤mis´sus] let go, lose

Preposition

prß (with abl.) in front of, before, for (provide, pronoun)

Words Used as Nouns

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun (pro-noun). For example,he or she can take the place of the name of a person. It or that takes theplace of the name of a thing.

We have seen that the infinitive form of the verb may be used as a noun,as subject or object. (See page 128.)

An adjective also may be used as a noun. In Latin, the masculine andfeminine adjectives refer to persons, the neuter to things. The usage,although common in English, is limited to adjectives of certain meanings.For example:

Bon¬ laudantur. The good (good men) are praised.

Multum facit. He does much.

But Latin can use almost any adjective as a noun.

Nostr¬ veniunt. Our (men) are coming.

Multa facit. He does many (things).

F¬nitim¬ nßn sunt am¬c¬. The neighboring (men, peoples) are

not friendly (men, peoples).

The neighbors are not friends.

L E S S O N x X I X A e n ± ¤ s e t D ¬ d ß 207

The god Mercury, often shownwith a winged hat and sandals,was not only the messenger ofthe gods, but also the godassociated with merchants,commerce, science, astronomy,thieves, travelers, andcleverness.

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(See the map of the Roman world on pages 54–55.)M = Magister aut Magistra D = Discipul¬ et DiscipulaeM: Spect¤te, puer¬ et puellae.D: Spect¤mus, magister.M: Ubi oppida vid±tis?D: In Eurßp¤ multa oppida spect¤mus.M: In medi¤ terr¤ aquam vid±tis? Illam8 aquam “Mediterr¤neum

Mare 9” appell¤mus. Ibi est L¥sit¤nia—vid±tisne?D: Vid±mus.M: Ubi est Hibernia?D: Hibernia est ¬nsula in Øceanß Atlanticß.M: Ubi pugn¤bat Caesar?D: Caesar in Galli¤ pugn¤bat.M: Ubi D¬dß habit¤bat? Respond±te, puellae puer¬que.D: __________M: Ad qu¤s (which) terr¤s Aen±¤s n¤vigat?D: __________M: Mult¬ vir¬ multßrum populßrum in Eurßp¤ habitant.

Ubi habitant Ital¬? Graec¬? Helveti¬? Belgae?D: __________

The Arch of Diocletian at now-deserted Sbeitla in northernAfrica. After the destruction ofCarthage in 146 B.C., Africabecame a Roman province.Roman colonists later built anew Carthage, which becamea flourishing provincial capitaland educational center. Sbeitla,about 30 miles away, was in afertile area important for theproduction of grain and olive oil. V

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QuestionsAnswer in Latin.1. Ubi habit¤mus?2. Ubi agricolae multum fr¥mentum parant?3. Ubi loca nßn pl¤na vid±tis?4. Ubi est Lond¬nium? Rßma? Lutetia? Corduba? Hierosolyma?

ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences.

1. Magna in proeliß f±cit.2. Nßnne bonum facere d±b±mus?3. Puer miser in vi¤ librum ¤m¬sit.4. V¬ta ¤ mult¬s in bellß ¤mitt±tur.5. Nostr¬ prß patri¤ et famili¬s pugn¤bant.6. Multßs annßs in per¬culß ±gimus; nunc ßtium hab±mus.

B. Translate the following sentences.1. Were the girls being scared by the horses?2. The people will be called together by the queen.3. I have entrusted the care of the money to the teacher.4. The boys saw the danger clearly and fled to the woods.5. By harsh discipline the master ruled the unhappy slaves.

L E S S O N x X I X A e n ± ¤ s e t D ¬ d ß 209

Did You Know?

Books were published in ancient Rome by copying each one

individually onto rolls of papyrus. If the author was wealthy, his

manuscript was distributed for reproduction among his copyists and

proofreaders. Commercial publishing was essentially similar except

that more copyists were employed. After copies went on the market,

they could be reproduced by anyone.


• As a prefix, prß- has its prepositional meanings, with theadditional one of forward. Define the following derivatives ofwords that you have already studied: provoke, prospect,

produce, proceed, promote.

• Tell which of the following are derived from liber, libr¬, andwhich from l¬ber, -a, -um: liberty, librarian, liberal, liberate.

• Study the following English phrases borrowed from Latin.pro patria for (one’s) country

pro forma (only) for (the sake of) form

pro bono publico for the public good

L E S S O N x X X A e n Æ ¤ s a d æ n f e r ß s 211

L e s s o n X x x

AenÆ§s ad ænferßs1

Lesson

Objectives

• To learn about Aeneasin Hades

• To learn how to formand translate the pastperfect and future per-fect active tenses

A en±¤s f¬lius Anch¬sae2 fuit, qu¬ in Sicili¤ ± v¬t¤ excesserat. TumAnch¬s±s in somnß ad f¬lium v±nerat et f¬lium voc¤verat: “Ven¬, f¬l¬, ad¬nferßs, ubi sum. Sibylla3 viam nßvit et t±4 d¥cet.”

Ita Aen±¤s in Italiam prßcessit, ubi Sibylla habit¤bat. Cßnsilium Sibyllaeerat: “S¬ in silv¤ r¤mum aureum5 inveni±s, ad ¬nferßs t± prßd¥cam et sineper¬culß red¥cam; sed sine r¤mß numquam t± prßd¥cam.” Ita Aen±¤s insilvam proper¤vit. Auxiliß Veneris6 r¤mum inv±nit et cum Sibyll¤ ad ¬nferßsd±scendit. Ibi multa nova v¬dit et nßvit.

Tum ad magnam silvam v±n±runt. Ibi erat D¬dß. Aen±¤s r±g¬nam v¬dit etvoc¤vit: “N¥ntiusne v±rum n¥nti¤vit? V¬tamne ¤m¬sist¬? Causane fu¬?Inv¬tus7 ± patri¤ tu¤ excess¬, sed ita deus imper¤vit8.” Sed r±g¬na, nuncinim¬ca, verb¬s lacrim¬sque9 Aen±ae nßn mov±tur. Neque Aen±am spect¤vitneque respondit, sed in silvam f¥git.

Aen±¤s tard± ± silv¤ excessit et locum v¬dit ubi mal¬ poen¤ affici±bantur.Tum Aen±¤s Sibyllaque in Ælysium10 prßcess±runt. Ibi animae11 bonßrum inconcordi¤ v¬tam ag±bant. Ini¥riae et pugnae aberant. Ibi Anch¬s±s erat.

Ever obedient to the will of Fate,Aeneas reluctantly abandonsTroy to fulfill his destiny as thefounder of Rome. On hisshoulder, he carries his fatherAnchises, who grasps a lion skin,and at his side is Ascanius (Iulus).Also with him are his householdgods, brought along to serve asa vital link between the past andthe future. Following is Creusa,his Trojan wife, who representsthe past he must leave behind.Sc

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1 the Lower World (See footnote 6,p. 160)

2 Anchises (Ank¬´ses, gen.)3 the Sibyl (a prophetess)4 you (acc.)5 golden branch6 genitive of Venus7 unwilling(ly)8 has commanded9 tears

10 Ely´sium, Greek and Romanheaven

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Gr¤tus12 f¬lium acc±pit et n¥nti¤vit: “Cl¤rßs Rßm¤nßs qu¬ poste¤ in terr¤erunt et glßriam popul¬ tu¬ mßnstr¤bß. Rßm¤n¬ malßs super¤bunt13 et populßsaequ± regent.” Aen±¤s ab Anch¬se nßn retin±tur et ¤ Sibyll¤ in terramred¥citur. Tum loca commoda in Itali¤ occup¤re m¤t¥r¤vit.

Questions1. Where did Aeneas’ father die?2. What did Aeneas’ father ask him to do?3. Whom did Aeneas need to lead him into the Lower World?4. What did Aeneas need to find in order to go into the Lower World and

come back safely?5. What questions did Aeneas ask of Dido?6. What reason did he give for leaving her country?7. How did Dido react and where did she go?8. Where did Aeneas go after leaving Dido?9. Whom did he see next and what was he shown?

Adjective

inim¬ćus, -a, -um unfriendly, hostile; [am¬cus]as noun, personal enemy

Verbs

ab´sum, abes´se, ¤´fu¬, [¤fut¥´rus] [sum]be away, be absent

nßsćß, nßsćere, nß´v¬, [nß´tus] learn; in perfect tense, have learned, know

prßc±´dß, prßc±´dere, prßces´s¬, [c±dß][process¥´rus] go forward, advance

prßd¥ćß, prßd¥ćere, prßd¥´x¬, [d¥cß][prßduc´tus] lead out

retińeß, retin±´re, retińu¬, [reten´tus] [teneß]hold back, keep

Adverb

iam already, now

Preposition

sińe (with abl.) without (sinecure)


12 grateful(ly)13 will overcome

The Past Perfect and Future Perfect ActiveThe past perfect tense (sometimes called the pluperfect) refers to an

action that was completed before a certain time in the past: He had gone(before something else happened).

In Latin, the past perfect is formed by adding the tense sign -er¤- (or -era-) to the perfect stem, together with the personal endings of the present(but -m, not -ß, in the first person). The tense signs and personal endingstogether are the same as the various forms of the imperfect tense of sum:port¤v-eram, docu-eram, fu-eram, etc. (For full conjugation see theGrammar Appendix.)

Iam excesserat. He had already left. Puellam laud¤veram. I had praised the girl.

The future perfect tense refers to an action completed before a certaintime in the future: He will have gone (before something else will happen).In Latin, it is formed by adding the tense sign -eri- (first person -erß) tothe perfect stem, together with the personal endings of the present: port¤v-erß, docu-erß, fu-erß, etc. (For full conjugation see the GrammarAppendix.)

Verba f±cerit (fut. perf.) He will have finished (his) speech antequam castra before we (will) move the camp.mov±bimus (fut.).

Multum nßveris. You will know (have learned) a lot.

The past perfect and the future perfect are used much less frequentlythan the perfect.


The Sibyls were prophetesseswhose pronouncements weresupposed to be inspired byApollo. This painting, calledAugustus and the Sibyl, wasdone by Antoine Caron in thesixteenth century and nowhangs in the Louvre in Paris.Augustus is pictured kneelingbefore the Sibyl, who points toa vision of the future in the sky.Sc

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Like the perfect active,the past perfect active andthe future perfect activeare formed the same wayin all four conjugationsand in irregular verbs likesum. All you need is thethird principal part and theright endings.

Oral Practice

1. Conjugate in the perfect: videß, legß, efficiß; in the past perfect: moveß,incipiß; in the imperfect: retineß, prßc±dß; in the future perfect: laudß,faciß.

2. Give the tense of ¤fuimus, prßd¥xerat, retinuist¬, nßv±runt,prßcesserimus, ¤m¬ser¤tis, doc±b¤s.


1. Parv¬ puer¬ linguam retin±re d±bent.2. Mult¬ puer¬ aberant. Nßnne val±bant?3. Carr¬ ex silv¤ v±nerant et ad oppidum tard± prßc±d±bant.4. F¬li¬ et f¬liae agricol¤rum multa d± agr¬s et equ¬s nßv±runt.5. Magister puerßs retinuit, quod fßrm¤s verbßrum nßn nßverant.6. Pauc¬ labßr¤bant sed reliqu¬ puer¬ in castr¬s semper man±bant.7. F¬lius magistr¬ multa d± libr¬s nßvit, sed f¬lium agricolae agr¬

docent.

B. Translate the following sentences.1. We know much about many lands and peoples.2. The poor woman will not have had much leisure.3. Marius had fought in Gaul for (his) native land.4. We are the daughters of free (men) and love our native land.5. The slave deserved a large reward, because he had saved the life of

our son.

C. One Sibyl was a prophetess who resided in a cave in Cumae nearNaples in Italy. People went to visit her for her predictions and to askfor her advice. Sometimes they wrote down their request and had amessenger deliver it to her because she often frightened people whileprophesying in a trance. Work with a small group and write a shortnote to the girl playing the Sibyl. Your note might be about Aeneas andthe founding of Rome or a more present-day concern. The Sibyl’sresponses are best if they are possible but ambiguous.


Did You Know?

Roman schools of rhetoric were similar to our colleges and

universities. The students were young men, usually wealthy, who

studied Greek and Latin prose authors, philosophy, and the practice

of composition. These studies began with the simple form

of narratives and continued with public speaking. Often students

would role-play a famous Roman who had to make an important

decision and then would discuss his possible courses of action.


Prefixes

• We have seen that the preposition in is used as a prefix. There isanother prefix in-, used chiefly with adjectives and nouns,which has an entirely different meaning and must be carefullydistinguished from the former. It is a negative prefix, as ininjustice. It is assimilated like the other prefix in-, as in il-legal,

im-moral, ir-regular. Identify the Latin roots and define thefollowing derivatives of words that you have already studied:immemorial, immaterial, inglorious, ingratitude, illiberal,

illiteracy, infirm.

• Tell which of the two prefixes (preposition or negative) is usedin each of the following words: inhabit, invalid, invoke, induce,

invariable, inequality, inundate, immovable, impecunious.

• The prefix dis- in English and Latin means apart, butsometimes it is purely negative like in-. It is either assimilatedor left unchanged, as follows: dis-inter, dis-locate, dis-arm, dif-

fuse, di-vert, di-stant, dis-similar. Define the first three of thesewords, derived from words in previous lesson vocabularies.


L e s s o n X x x I

In Itali¤ Aen±¤s

Auxilium Accipit.

Lesson

Objectives

• To read about Aeneasand King Evander

• To learn the forms anduse of the personalpronouns of the firstand second persons

• To review the form andfunction of possessiveadjectives of the firstand second persons

R±x Ævander gr¤te Aen±amacc±pit. At Pallanteum, thetown on the site of what was tobecome Rome, King Evander(center) receives Aeneas (right)who is escorted by Evander’s sonPallas. The artist, Pietro daCortona, has kept the traditionthat the Arcadians, exiles fromGreece, lived in rustic andpeaceful harmony.

1 king2 afterwards3 also4 outside5 Arcadians (acc.)6 who7 why8 please9 story

10 with us. For the joining of cum tothe abl. of personal pronouns, seefootnote 18, p. 219.

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Ølim in Latiß erat oppidum appell¤tum Pallanteum. R±x1 oppid¬,Ævander, cum mult¬s colßn¬s ab Arcadi¤ in Graeci¤ m¬gr¤verat. In Itali¤oppidum m¥n¬verant in locß ubi poste¤2 Rßmulus Rßmam m¥n¬vit. Cumf¬nitim¬s popul¬s Lat¬n¬s Ævander Graec¬que bellum semper ger±bant.

Aen±¤s et colßn¬ Trßi¤n¬ etiam3 in Itali¤ habit¤bant et etiam cum Lat¬n¬spugn¤bant. Quod socißs cupi±bant, Aen±¤s et pauc¬ vir¬ ad Pallanteumaccess±runt. Extr¤4 oppidum vir¬ Trßi¤n¬ f¬lium Ævandr¬ et paucßs Arcad±s5

inv±n±runt. D¬x±runt.Pallas: Pallas sum, f¬lius Ævandr¬. Ego et am¬c¬ me¬ vßs sal¥t¤mus. Qu¬6

estis? C¥r7 t¥ et vir¬ tu¬ ad Pallanteum v±nistis?Aen±¤s: Appellor Aen±¤s. Ego et vir¬ me¬ ad Italiam v±nimus quod F¤ta

nßs d¥x±runt. Nunc auxilium vestrum cupimus. Accipite nßs, quaesß,8 ethistoriam9 nostram aud¬te.

Pallas: Vßs nßn d¬mittam. Multa d± vßb¬s aud¬v¬. Ad oppidum nßb¬scum10

prßc±dite.(R±x Ævander gr¤t± Aen±am accipit.)

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Ævander: Ubi puer eram in Arcadi¤, Aen±as, pater tuus ad patriam meamv±nit. Is mihi multa gr¤ta dßn¤vit. Virum gr¤t± memori¤ teneß. T¥ etiamvid±ris11 vir bonus et pius12. T± probß et tibi auxilium dßn¤bß.

Aen±¤s: Gr¤ti¤s tibi agß, Ævander. Firm¬ soci¬ erimus.Ævander: Quod ego nßn iam13 iuvenis14 sum, vßb¬scum10 p¥gn¤re dubitß.

Tibi, Aen±ae, f¬lium meum mand¤bß. Is integer est et prß m± pugn¤bit.Pallas, m¬15 f¬l¬, t± cum Trßi¤n¬s nunc d¬mittam. Prßd¥ce t±cum10 multßsvirßs.

Pallas: Val±, pater! Nßs fortiter16 bellum ger±mus.Et fortiter pugn¤vit Pallas. Sed miser Ævander numquam f¬lium v¬vumiterum17 v¬dit.

Questions1. Where did the king of the town Pallanteum come from originally?2. What is particularly interesting about the site of Pallanteum?3. What common enemy did the Trojans and the Arcadians have?4. Who is Pallas?5. What did Aeneas ask Pallas for?6. Where did the two talk?7. Why did Evander decide to give Aeneas help?8. Did Pallas keep his promise to Evander? 9. Why didn’t Evander himself lead his men into battle alongside Aeneas?

Pronouns

e´go, me´¬ I, of me (egoist, egocentric)nßs, nos´trum we, of ust¥, tu´¬ you, of you (sing.)vßs, ves´trum you, of you (pl.)is he, it m.; eá she, it f.; id it n.

Adjective

in´teger -gra, -grum (integral, integrity)fresh, whole, untouched

L E S S O N x X X I I n I t a l i ¤ A e n Æ ¤ s A u x i l i u m A c c i p i t . 217

11 seem to be12 loyal13 not now, no longer14 young15 The vocative of meus is irregular.16 bravely17 alive again

The word it is used totranslate is and ea whenthe noun referred to ismasculine or feminine inLatin and the noun is athing: Carrum v¬d¬, et ismagnus erat. I saw thewagon, and it was large.

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Verbs

cu´piß, cu´pere, cup¬´v¬, [cup¬´tus] (cupidity, Cupid)desire, wish, want

d¬mit´tß, d¬mit´tere, d¬m¬´s¬, [d¬mis´sus] [mittß]let go, send away

du´bitß, dubit¤´re, dubit¤´v¬, [dubit¤´tus] (indubitable)hesitate, doubt

Adverbs

ß´lim formerly, once (upon a time)u´bi when, where (ubiquitous)

Personal Pronouns

In English, nominative forms of personal pronouns are used to showthe person and subject of the verb: I am, you are. In Latin, as we have seen(p. 28), personal endings are used instead. When, however, emphasis orsharp contrast in subjects is desired, Latin uses the personal pronouns ego(I) and t¥ (you). Is, ea, and id serve as the personal pronouns of the thirdperson (he, she, and it). The full declension of is, ea, and id will be givenlater. For now, memorize the declensions of ego and t¥.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. e´go I nßs we

Gen. me´¬ of me nßs´trum of us

Dat. mi´hi to (for) me nß´b¬s to (for) us

Acc. m± me nßs usAbl. m±18 with (from, etc.) me nß´b¬s18 with (from,

etc.) us

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. t¥ you vßs you

Gen. tu´¬ of you ves´trum of you

Dat. ti´bi to (for) you vß´b¬s to (for) you

Acc. t± you vßs you

Abl. t±18 with (from, etc.) you vß´b¬s18 with (from,

etc.) you

Possessive Adjectives

The possessive adjectives meus (my, my own, mine), noster (our, our

own, ours), tuus (your, your own, yours), and vester (your, your own,

yours) are derived from the bases of their corresponding personal pronouns:ego (me-), nßs (nostr-), t¥ (tu-), and vßs (vestr-).

The possessive adjective follows its noun except when emphatic.Cautions: To show possession, use the possessive adjectives meus,

tuus, noster, and vester, not the possessive pronouns. Say am¬cus meus,not am¬cus me¬.

If, however, the of-idea is partitive (see Genitive of the Whole,Grammar Appendix), use the genitive of the pronoun. Pars me¬ (pronoun)means part of me, while pars mea (adjective) means my part.

Remember that an adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender,number, and case. A man referring to his daughter would say Est f¬liamea; a woman referring to her husband would say Est vir meus. In otherwords, the ending of the possessive adjective depends upon what is pos-sessed, not upon the possessor.

Oral Practice

1. Decline equus vester and familia mea.2. Give the Latin for the italicized words.

a. I shall give you a present.b. I criticize you; you criticize me.c. She showed us beautiful flowers.d. She is my friend; he, my enemy.e. I shall show you (sing.) the house.


18 When the preposition cum is usedwith the ablative forms of ego andtu, it is attached to them: m±cum,with me; nßb¬scum, with us; t±cum,vßb¬scum, with you.


Did You Know?

The Roman army had several ways of capturing a gated, fortified city.

Their first task was to fill up the ditches around the city walls with

small tree branches mixed with soil and thrown into the ditches.

Then the Roman soldiers would make their own trenches, roads, and

tunnels to undermine the walls. Lastly, they would unleash heavy

missiles against the walls and towers of the beseiged city with the

catapulta and ballista.

f. We’ll love you (pl.) if you’ll love us.g. He came to us and showed us many pictures.h. Come with us and we shall go with you (pl.).i. He was mentioned by me, but she told me nothing.j. Your daughter was seen by us with you (sing.) on the street.


1. Multa ¤ t±, am¬ce, acc±p¬.2. Liber tuus ¤ m± nßn retin±bitur.3. Cup¬tisne vid±re nßs, am¬cßs vestrßs?4. Ego sum am¬cus tuus; is est inim¬cus.5. Ego sum miser sine t±; t¥ misera es quod t±cum nßn maneß.6. F¬lius meus in per¬culum m±cum proper¤re numquam dubit¤verat.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. We are foreigners; you are Romans.2. My words are not (being) heard by you.3. I want to present the reward to you (sing.).4. They had not hesitated to free the unfriendly prisoners.5. Come (pl.) with us; we are your friends, not your enemies.


A city under siege, illustratingthe various types of weaponryknown to Romans of Caesar’stime. From left to right: the turrisambul¤tßria (movable tower)used to overcome the advantagein height the city walls provided;the test¥dß ariet¤ria (a batter-ing ram concealed under a shedlike the shell of a tortoise) usedto dislodge masonry; the test¥dß(a cover of interlocking shields)and sc¤lae (ladders); the onager(“donkey,” so nicknamed fromits “kick”) and the ballista,machines for throwing heavy andlight missiles, stones, or spears.

Bet

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Suffixes

• We have seen that prefixes are so called because they areattached to the beginnings of words. Suffixes (sub, under, after;

f¬xus, attached) are attached to the ends of words. Like Latinprefixes, Latin suffixes play a very important part in theformation of English words.

• The Latin suffix -ia usually has the form -y in English. Give theEnglish forms of the following words found in the precedingvocabularies: memoria, glßria, familia, ini¥ria, victßria,cßpia (with change of meaning in English).

• What are the Latin words from which are derived elegy, history,

industry, infamy, Italy, luxury, misery, perfidy, philosophy,

Troy?

• Some -ia nouns drop the -ia entirely in English: concord, vigil,

matter (from m¤teria).

Bellß2 P¥nicß secundß Hannibal virßs cum Rßm¤n¬s pugn¤re iub±bat sedQ. Fabius Maximus semper disc±d±bat neque in ¥nß locß man±bat. Sinevictßri¬s Hannibal Italiam in prßvinciam redigere nßn poterat3.

Maximus perpetuß labßre4 etiam Tarentum, oppidum Italiae, rec±pit.L¬vius5 in hßc6 oppidß fuerat sed oppidum ¤m¬serat et ad arcem7 virßsremßverat. Maximus ad port¤s oppid¬ virßs prßc±dere iussit et oppidumrec±pit; tum is etiam ad arcem prßcessit. Ibi L¬vius, superbus quod arcemretinuerat, Fabiß d¬xit: “Me¤ oper¤8 Tarentum rec±pist¬.” Fabius respondit:“V±rum est, L¬v¬: ego rec±p¬ oppidum quod t¥ id9 ¤m¬sist¬.”

Statu¤s deßrum ex oppidß Tarentß Maximus nßn remßvit sed, quod de¬inim¬c¬ Tarent¬n¬s erant, Tarent¬nßs in oppidß statu¤s retin±re iussit.

Questions1. How did Maximus weaken Hannibal?2. How did Maximus recover Tarentum?3. How did Livius help in recovering Tarentum?4. What did Maximus say to Livius’ claim?5. Why didn’t Maximus remove the statues of the gods from the town?


L e s s o n X x x i I

Q.1

Fabius Maximus

Lesson

Objectives

• To read the story of afamous Roman general

• To learn the use of thepresent infinitive asdirect object

1 Q. = Qu¬ntus2 ablative: in __.3 was able4 ablative5 Livius, the Roman general respon-

sible for defending the city6 this (abl.)7 citadel (acc.)8 effort9 it

Elephants, both African andIndian, were the “tanks” ofancient warfare. At first theyterrified the Romans in the earlyencounters with Pyrrhus beforethe First Punic War (thirdcentury B.C.). This sixteenth-century painting by JacopoRipanda shows Hannibal routinga troop of Roman cavalry duringthe Second Punic War (218–201B.C.). Later, even the Romansused elephants, but only rarely. G

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Hannibal on horseback reviewshis army as it moves through anAlpine pass. Leading this largeforce of men, horses, andelephants all the way from Spainacross the Alps and down intothe boot of Italy remains one ofthe greatest feats in militaryhistory.

Noun

por´ta, -ae f. gate (portal)

Verbs

disc±´dß, disc±´dere, disces´s¬, [discess¥´rus] [c±dß]go away, depart

iu´beß, iub±´re, ius´s¬, [ius´sus] order

reci´piß, reci´pere, rec±´p¬, [recep´tus] [capiß]take back, recover

redígß, redi´gere, red±´g¬, [red¤c´tus] [agß]drive back, reduce; in prßvinciam redigere to reduce to the status of a

province

remo´veß, remov±´re, remß´v¬, [remß´tus] [moveß]remove, move back

Adverb

e´tiam also, even

Object Infinitive with Accusative Subject

Virßs disc±dere iuss¬. I ordered the men to go away.

M± labßr¤re nßn cup¬vist¬. You did not want me to work.

Vßs am¤re concordiam They taught you to love harmony.

docu±runt.

Observe that with such English verbs as order, teach (also wish, forbid,

etc.), the infinitive object is often used with a noun or pronoun in theobjective case, which may be regarded as its subject. In Latin, too, certainverbs of similar meaning have an object infinitive with its subject in theaccusative case. In the first sentence above, the phrase virßs disc±dere isthe object of iuss¬, while the word virßs is the subject of disc±dere. In thesecond sentence, the phrase m± labßr¤re is the object of cup¬vist¬, withm± as the subject of labßr¤re. As the third sentence shows, the infinitivemay have its own subject and direct object, each in the accusative case. Insuch instances, the infinitive’s subject usually stands first.

L E S S O N X X X I I q . F a b i u s M a x i m u s 223

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1. M¤teria ¤ serv¬s remov±bitur.2. Libr¬ nßs etiam inim¬cßs am¤re docent.3. Libr¬ne bon¬, puer¬, ab am¬c¬s vestr¬s leguntur?4. F¬li¤s nostr¤s bonßs librßs semper retin±re doc±mus.5. Magister nßs am¬cßs nostrßs d¬mittere et ¤ vi¤ disc±dere iussit.6. Nßnne bonum est inim¬cßs in am¬citiam et concordiam redigere?

B. Translate the following sentences.1. It was good to see our friends.2. They had hesitated to remove the grain without wagons.3. The sons of farmers are beginning to go away from the farms

(use ager).4. Lucius, order the boy to lead out fresh horses to the gates of

the town.


• The Latin suffix -ia usually has the form -y in English, aswe have seen (page 221). When it is preceded by -t-, thecombination -tia generally has the form -ce in English.

• Give the English forms of the following words found in thepreceding vocabularies: gr¤tia, sententia.

• What must be the Latin words from which are derived science,

diligence, prudence, absence?

• The tarantula (a spider) and the tarantella (a dance) both gottheir names from Tarentum. Look them up in the dictionary.

• Fabius is the name of towns in three states. Missouri, NewYork, Ohio, and Wisconsin have towns named Hannibal.Pennsylvania has a Tarentum.

L E S S O N X X X I I I A e n ± ¤ s e t T u r n u s 225

L e s s o n X X X I I I

Aen±¤s et Turnus

Lesson

Objectives

• To read how the Fatesbring about the end ofAeneas’ struggles

• To learn about the per-fect passive participleand how to form theperfect passive tenses

1 King Latinus (gen.)2 dative3 of courage (gen.)4 which5 to be sent

Trßia ¤ Graec¬s capta erat et Aen±¤s cum pauc¬s Trßi¤n¬s ad Italiamv±nerat et per terr¤s barbarßrum virßs prßd¥xerat. Sed I¥nß inim¬ca m¤nsitet contr¤ Aen±am miserum multßs populßs barbarßs Italiae incit¤vit. L¤v¬nia,f¬lia r±gis Lat¬n¬1, ¤ Turnß am¤b¤tur sed Aen±ae2 in m¤trimßnium dßn¤ta est.Turnus bellum gerere nßn dubit¤vit. Ab Aen±¤ bellum nßn gr¤t± susceptumest; ad terminum v¬tae sub arm¬s esse nßn cup¬vit.

Sed causa Trßi¤nßrum ¤ F¤t¬s suscepta erat. Aen±¤s etiam ¤ Graec¬s qu¬in Itali¤ habit¤bant beneficium et auxilium acc±pit, quod Turnß inim¬c¬erant. Per multßs di±s bellum gestum est et multa ±gregia exempla virt¥tis3

in proeli¬s cl¤r¬s prßposita sunt.Tandem Turnus sßlus Aen±am sßlum ad pugnam ±voc¤vit, quod reliqu¬s

exemplum prßpßnere cup¬vit. In locß commodß sub port¬s oppid¬pugn¤v±runt. Nßn longa fuit pugna, quod Venus, m¤ter Aen±ae, f¬liß arma±gregia dßn¤verat quae4 deus Vulc¤nus f±cerat. F¤ta iusserant auxilium adTurnum nßn mitt¬5; itaque I¥nß, socia Turn¬, aberat. V¬ta Turn¬ f¥git etAen±¤s ad terminum per¬culßrum v±nit et ßtium inv±nit.

A painted frieze found in 1875on the outskirts of Rome showsan episode of the Aeneas legendoutside of Vergil’s Aeneid. Here awinged Victory crowns Aeneasduring the final fatal strugglebetween Trojans and Rutuliansnear the river Numicus.According to the poet Ovid, itwas at this moment that Aeneaswas transformed into a god tobe worshipped by succeedinggenerations of Romans.D

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Questions1. What goddess was still hostile to the Trojans?2. Who was Lavinia?3. Why was Turnus’ love for her a problem for Aeneas?4. Why wasn’t Aeneas glad to engage in a fight with Turnus?5. Who gave Aeneas help?6. When did Turnus call Aeneas out to fight one-on-one?7. Where did they fight?8. Was the fight fair? Why or why not?

Nouns

benefićium, benefić¬ n. kindness, benefit [faciß]exem´plum, exem´pl¬ n. example (exemplify, sample)

Adjective

±gre´gius, -a, -um distinguished, excellent (egregious)

Verbs

prß´pßnß, prßpßńere, prßpo´su¬, prßpo´situs [pßnß]put forward, offer

susci´piß, susci´pere, susc±´p¬, suscep´tus [capiß]undertake, take up, start

Prepositions

per with acc. through (perforate, permit, percolate)

sub under, close up to; with acc. after verbs (suspicion)of motion, with abl. after verbs of rest

Perfect Participle

A participle is that form of a verb which is used as an adjective. The pastparticiple in English usually ends in -ed: carried. With other verbs, it is“irregular”: shown, eaten, seen, heard. The perfect passive participle inLatin regularly ends in -tus (port¤tus, having been carried, carried) or -sus(missus, sent) and is declined like the adjective magnus, -a, -um. It agrees,like an ordinary adjective, with a noun or pronoun in gender, number, andcase: litterae receptae, the recovered letter. The perfect participle repre-sents an act as having taken place before the time indicated by the mainverb and from now on will be given in the vocabularies without brackets.

Perfect Passive Tense

In English, the perfect passive tense is formed by using the past tense ofto be (was, were, has been or have been) as an auxiliary (helping) verbwith the past participle: he was carried, he has been carried.

In Latin, the perfect passive tense is formed by using the present tenseof sum (i.e., sum, etc.) as an auxiliary with the perfect participle: port¤tusest, he has been carried. The participle really modifies the subject andtherefore agrees with it in gender, number, and case.

Past Perfect Passive and Future Perfect Passive

In English, the past perfect (pluperfect) passive is formed by using thepast perfect tense of to be (i.e., had been) as an auxiliary with the pastparticiple: he had been carried.

In Latin, the past perfect passive is formed by using the imperfect tense ofsum (i.e., eram, etc.) as an auxiliary with the perfect participle: port¤tuserat, he had been carried.


PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE

SINGULAR PLURAL

sum I was, have sumus we were,

been carried have been carried

es you were, have estis you were,

been carried have been carried

est he/she/it was, sunt they were,

has been carried have been carried

Similarly, doctus sum, positus sum, captus sum, m¥n¬tus sum. (For full conjugations see the Grammar Appendix.)

PAST PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE

SINGULAR PLURAL

eram I had been er¤mus we had

taught been taught

er¤s you had been er¤tis you had

taught been taught

erat he/she/it had erant they had

been taught been taught

Similarly, port¤tus eram, positus eram, captus eram, m¥n¬tuseram.

(For full conjugations see the Grammar Appendix.)

port¤tus(-a, -um)

port¤t¬(-ae, -a)

doctus(-a, -um)

doct¬(-ae, -a)


The future perfect passive is formed by using the future tense of sum(i.e., erß, etc.) as the auxiliary with the perfect passive participle: port¤tuserit, he will have been carried.

Oral Practice

1. Conjugate in the perfect passive and translate: trahß, -ere, tr¤x¬,tr¤ctus; videß, -±re, v¬d¬, v¬sus; in the pluperfect passive and translate:moveß, -±re, mßv¬, mßtus; agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus; in the future perfectpassive and translate: prßpßnß, prßpßnere, prßposu¬, prßpositus;laudß, laud¤re, laud¤v¬, laud¤tus.

2. Translate: they have been seen, I had been dragged, you (sing.) have

been moved, having been driven, they will have been ordered.

ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Arma carr¬s ad castra port¤ta erant.2. Causam popul¬ suscipere est officium bonßrum.3. Equ¬ ab agricol¤ per silvam ad aquam ¤ct¬ sunt.4. Ægregiumne exemplum am¬citiae memori¤ ten±tis?5. Ægregium exemplum benefic¬ ¤ magistrß vestrß prßpositum est.6. Vir ¤ puerß sub aquam tr¤ctus erat, sed et vir et puer serv¤t¬6 sunt.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.1. He also knew much about horses.2. She was taught by good teachers.3. The farmer’s son had seen few towns.4. An excellent example was presented to my son.5. The rest of the books had been removed by the teacher.6. The boys were absent but were praised.

6 Note that the participle is plural because it refers to both vir and puer.

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE

SINGULAR PLURAL

erß I shall have erimus we shall

been taken have been taken

eris you will have eritis you will

been taken have been taken

erit he/she/it will erunt they will

have been taken have been taken

Similarly, port¤tus erß, doctus erß, positus erß, m¥n¬tus erß.(For full conjugations see the Grammar Appendix.)

captus(-a, -um)

capt¬(-ae, -a)

C. According to Roman mythology, the Fates, or Parcae, were threewomen who decided everyone’s destiny. They were present at the birthof every child and decided how long each person would live. Each ofthe Fates had a specific job. Clotho spun the thread of life; Lachesisdecided the length of each thread; Atropos cut the thread when it waslong enough. Create a dialogue that the Parcae might have had as theydecided the fate of some real or imaginary individual. The followingvocabulary may be useful.

filum, -¬ n. thread

longit¥dß, longit¥dinis f. length

secß, sec¤re, secu¬, sectus cut

neß, n±re, n±v¬, n±tus spin

constituß, constituere, constitu¬, constit¥tus decide


Prefixes

• The preposition sub, used as a prefix in Latin and English,means under, up from under: sus-tineß hold up; suc-c±dß, come

up. It is regularly assimilated before certain consonants: suc-

ceed, sus-ceptible, suf-fer, sug-gest, sus-pend, sup-port, sur-

rogate, sus-tenance, but sub-mit, sub-trahend. We use it freelyin English to form new words: sub-lease, sub-let, sub-orbital.Look up these words in a dictionary.

• Per usually remains unchanged when used as a prefix.

• Explain by derivation the meaning of permanent, permit,

sustain, suspect. What is meant by being susceptible to colds?


Did You Know?

The Romans had a popular agricultural guidebook still held in high

regard both for its practical advice and the high finish of its poetry.

The Georgics were written by the famous poet Vergil who spent

nearly seven years composing the four books, which explain soil

management, fruit tree and vine propagation, animal husbandry, and

beekeeping.

Dag

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iblio

theq

ue M

unic

ipal

e D

ijon/

The

Art

Arc

hive

A medieval artist’s portrayal ofVergil in the process of com-posing his Georgics. The mood ofpeace and tranquility, remotefrom the civil wars and blood-shed which had occupied theRomans in most of the firstcentury B.C., is one Vergil himselfwould have appreciated. Hisfamily farm in northern Italy hadbeen confiscated and distributedto veterans; Italian agriculturewas in ruins. It was onlyAugustus who finally restoredpeace (and Vergil’s land) whocould give hope.

L E S S O N X X X I V N i o b ± 231

L e s s o n x x X I V

Niob±1

Lesson

Objectives

• To read about the mythof Niobe and Latona

• To develop skill intranslating individualvocabulary words indifferent contexts

• To learn the formsand function ofthe present passiveinfinitive for all fourconjugations

1 N¬ób±2 grandfather3 this (nom.)4 other5 sacred rites6 why7 for the mother8 this (acc.)9 if

Niob±, r±g¬na superba, in Graeci¤ habit¤bat. Avus2 erat Iuppiter, qu¬deßs virßsque r±xit, et hoc3 superbiam r±g¬nae auxit. Niob± erat superbaetiam quod septem f¬lißs et septem f¬li¤s habuit.

Apollß deus erat f¬lius deae L¤tßnae, et Di¤na erat f¬lia. Alißs4 l¬berßsL¤tßna nßn habuit.

Sacra5 L¤tßnae ¤ populß suscipi±bantur. Superba Niob± adfuit et rog¤vit:“C¥r6 m¤tr¬7 dußrum l¬berßrum sacra suscipitis? Hoc8 nßn permittam.

Etiam Niob± dea est; XIV, nßn II, l¬berßs habeß. L¤tßna glßriam nßnmeret—Niob± esse pr¬ma d±bet. Vßb¬s l¬ber¬sque vestr¬s exemplum±gregium prßpßnß. S¬ 9 sententia mea ¤ vßb¬s nßn prob¤ta erit, poen¤affici±mini.”

The god Apollo, twin brother ofDiana, was born on the islandof Delos. His particular areasof influence were prophecy,archery, medicine, courage, andwisdom. He presided over theshrine of the Delphic Oracle inDelphi, Greece.Sc

ala/

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Superba verba r±g¬nae ¤ L¤tßn¤ aud¬ta sunt. Novum cßnsilium c±pit:f¬lium voc¤vit et officium e¬10 perm¬sit:

“T± iubeß septem f¬lißs Niobae interficere.”Pr¬mus f¬lius adfuit et interfectus est, tum reliqu¬. Niob± septem f¬lißs nunc

per linguam superbam ¤m¬serat, tamen rem¤nsit superba quod f¬liaerem¤ns±runt. Itaque L¤tßna iussit etiam f¬li¤s septem ±d¥c¬ et ¤ Di¤n¤ interfic¬.Singulae f¬liae ± v¬t¤ discess±runt, et Niob± misera in saxum11 d¥rum m¥t¤ta12

est. Poen¤ magn¤ affecta erat. Niobae exemplum memori¤ ten±re d±b±mus.

Questions1. Where did Niobe live and to whom was she related?2. Give three reasons for Niobe’s pride.3. Who was Latona and who were her children?4. What threat did Niobe make?5. Who killed Niobe’s sons? Who killed her daughters?6. What happened to Niobe?7. What is the moral of the story?

Nounsl¬´ber¬, -ß´rum m. children [l¬ber]super´bia, -ae f. pride, arrogance

Adjectivespr¬´mus, -a, -um first (primary, primitive) super´bus, -a, -um proud, arrogant (superb)

Verbsad´ sum, ades´se, ad´ fu¬, adfut¥´rus13 [sum]

be near, be present ±d¥ćß, ±d¥ćere, ±d¥´x¬, ±duc´tus lead out [d¥cß]interfićiß, interfićere, interf±ć¬, [faciß]

interfec´tus killpermit´tß, permit´tere, perm¬´s¬, [mittß]

permis´sus let go through, allow, entrust (with dat.)

remańeß, reman±´re, rem¤n´s¬, [maneß]rem¤ns¥´rus13 stay behind, remain

Adverbta´men nevertheless

13 A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle; most intransitive verbs have a futureactive participle in -¥rus, which, from Lesson XI on, has been substituted as the fourthprincipal part.


10 to him (dat.)11 rock12 changed

15


How to Study a Latin Paragraph

Do not turn at once to the dictionary at the end of the book for a wordyou do not know. Try to read an entire paragraph before you look up aword. There are three good ways to find the meaning of a word withoutlooking it up:

1. English derivatives. Nearly every Latin word has at least one Englishderivative.

2. Related Latin words. If you know the meaning of re- and d¥cß, youknow the meaning of red¥cß.

3. Sensible guessing from the context.

Do not become a slave to the dictionary at the end of the book.

Developing “Word Sense”

Do not become a slave to a single meaning for a word. Choose Englishequivalents that sound natural. Give a different translation for incitat ineach of the following sentences.

1. Agricola equßs incitat.2. Caesar animßs socißrum incitat.3. Dominus servum tardum incitat.4. Concordia ßtium incitat.5. Magister bonus discipulßs ad studia incitat.6. Memoria po±tam incitat.

Oral Practice

1. Conjugate in the perfect passive and translate: ¤mitto, -ere, ¤m¬s¬,¤missus; retineß, -±re, retinu¬, retentus; redigß, -ere, red±g¬,red¤ctus; cupiß, -ere, cup¬v¬, cup¬tus; in the past perfect passive:iubeß, -±re, iuss¬, iussus; nßscß, -ere, nßv¬, nßtus; in the futureperfect passive: interficiß, -er±, -f±c¬, -fectus.

2. Translate: ±duct¬ sumus, susceptum erat, permissum erit, tr¤ct¬estis, mßtus es, ¤ct¬ erant, v¬sae estis, iussae sunt, port¤tus erß, prß-positum est.


Present Passive Infinitive

In English, the present passive infinitive is formed by using the auxiliaryto be with the perfect passive participle: to be seen, to be heard.

In Latin, in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, the present passiveinfinitive is formed by changing the final -e of the present active infinitiveto long -¬.

In the third conjugation, final -ere is changed to long -¬.

The present passive infinitive, like the active infinitive, may be usedeither as a subject or direct object.

Public± laud¤r¬ est gr¤tum. To be praised publicly is pleasing.

Nßn cupiß l¬berßs vid±r¬. I do not want the children to be seen.


1. Nßnne d¥rum est sub aqu¤ reman±re?2. Equ¬ ex oppidß per agrßs l¤tßs ±duct¬ erunt.3. Pec¥nia mer±r¬ et serv¤r¬ ¤ puer¬s puell¬sque d±bet.4. Puer¬ adfu±runt pr¬m¬, quod puellae tardae fu±runt.5. Tibi v¬tam l¬berßrum meßrum permittere nßn dubit¤v¬.6. Verb¬s bonßrum virßrum semper incit¤r¬ et reg¬ d±b±mus.

B. Translate the following sentences.1. We have ordered the boys to be dismissed.2. The boys are absent, but the girls are present.3. The men had been ordered to seize the fortified town.4. The children ought to be called together by the teacher.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

pßnere to place pßn¬ to be placed

capere to take cap¬ to be taken

ACTIVE PASSIVE

port¤re to carry port¤r¬ to be carried

doc±re to teach doc±r¬ to be taught

m¥n¬re to fortify m¥n¬r¬ to be fortified

Diana was the goddess of thewoods and the hunt as well asthe protector of women. Sheis often represented as young,lean, and athletic and is accom-panied by a deer. She was thetwin sister of Apollo.

Ron

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• What is a primary school? A political primary?

The word education is often wrongly said to be derived from±d¥cere. As you can see, the derivative of ±d¥cere would beeduction. Education comes from a related word, ±duc¤re, tobring up. According to derivation, if you are well educated, youare well brought up.

• Study the following English phrases borrowed from Latin.

Deo Gratias thanks to God

per annum by (through) the year

sub rosa under the rose (in concealment)

Dei gratia by the grace of God (seen on Canadian coins)

• Here is another state motto.

Sic semper tyrannis Thus (i.e., death) always to tyrants

(motto of the state of Virginia)

Did You Know?

Sandals were customarily worn only inside the house by the Romans.

If a Roman rode to dinner in a litter, he wore sandals; if he walked,

he wore shoes while his sandals were carried by a personal slave.

Sandals were not worn during meals and were taken by slaves when

the guest arrived. Thus, the phrase sole¤s poscere (to ask for one’s

sandals) came to mean “to prepare to leave.”

Roman Architecture

The Pompeian town house was different from ours,more like the kind one finds in southern Europe and

Latin America today. It was usually built of concrete covered with stucco.For privacy and security, and because glass was expensive, there were fewwindows on the street. The typical house consisted of two parts, front andrear. The front contained a large room, called the atrium (¤trium, the“black room,” from the smoke of the hearth). It was surrounded by smallbedrooms. The atrium had an opening in the roof for light and air. The roofsloped down to the opening. Below the opening there was a basin intowhich the rain fell. This cistern (impluvium) furnished the soft water forwashing, necessary in a country where most of the water is hard. At thecorners of the basin there were often columns extending to the roof.

Since the house was built directly on the street, it had no front yard. Theheavy front door opened into a hall leading into the atrium. On one side ofthe hall there might be a small shop, usually rented out by people who didnot live in the house. On the other side there was the room of the doorkeeper(i¤nitor). Very often there was a place for a watchdog. Sometimes a fiercedog was painted on the wall or depicted in a mosaic on the floor of the hall.

The impressive interior of the“House of the Silver Anniversary”is framed by four flutedCorinthian columns. Theysurround the impluvium, whichhad its ornamental value aswell as the practical purpose ofcatching rainwater for washing.

THE HOUSE ANDITS FURNITURE

Alinari/Art Resource, NY


Opposite the entrance was the study or office (tabl¬num) of the masterof the house, placed so that he could keep an eye on what was going on.Here he kept his safe. Often there were also upstairs rooms.

The rear of the house surrounded a garden. Because of the columnswhich ran all the way around the garden this part was called the peristyle(peristylium, “columns around”); today we might call it a colonnade. Itwas often very pretty. Charming fountains and statuary were usually to beseen in the garden. Kitchen, bathroom, and dining rooms were in this partof the house. There were often two dining rooms, one on the shady side forsummer, the other on the sunny side for winter use.

Accessories

The walls were covered with elaborate paintings. Rugs and draperies werein common use. The floors were usually made of tile or flagstone, as inItaly today, instead of wood. Chairs were few, and many of them werewithout backs. On the other hand, there were many couches, used like easychairs, not only for reading and resting but also at the dinner table. Therewere many kinds of tables and stands, often beautifully made. Many smalllamps of bronze or clay were placed everywhere, some on stands, some onlarge elaborate candelabra. These burned olive oil. Glass chimneys wereunknown. Candles were also used. The light was so poor that people wentto bed early and got up early. Portable charcoal heaters were common. Innorthern Italy central heating was sometimes used.

Kitchen utensils and dishes were made of bronze, silver, or earthen-ware. Those made of earthenware were chiefly red in color and were deco-rated with engraved lines.

g l i m p s e s o f r o m a n l i f e T h e H o u s e a n d I t s F u r n i t u r e 237

These earthenware jugs,

excavated from Troy and now

located in the Smithsonian

Museum in Washington, D.C.,

belong to a common type of

pottery widely dispersed in

Turkey and Greece and dating

from the third millennium B.C.

They probably belonged to

people who lived on the site

of Troy perhaps a thousand

years before Aeneas and his

companions left its smoking

ruins to follow a new destiny.Smith

soni

an I

nstit

utio

n


Houses versus Apartments

The size of the population and the scarcity and cost of land within Rome’scity limits prevented all but the wealthy from living in houses such asthese from Pompeii. Instead, the Romans expanded vertically and lived inapartment houses, called ¬nsulae because they were “islands” surroundedby narrow streets. Often they were five or six stories high, and in designremarkably like apartment houses today. In fact, in exterior decoration andthe imaginative use of varied building materials (concrete, brick, stone,stucco, and wood) they were probably more interesting. But in safety andconvenience they left a good deal to be desired; many were flimsily builtby speculators during the period of Rome’s greatest growth (100 B.C. toA.D. 100) and stood in constant danger of fire or collapse. Unlike thePompeian house, the apartment dwelling did not have rooms designed forspecific functions; they were just spaces for the tenant to use as he chose.The filth, smoke, and noise must often have been nearly intolerable.

Many of the rich and socially prominent, and those who wanted to be,lived in individual houses or luxurious ground floor apartments on or nearthe Palatine Hill, an area that was eventually taken over by the imperialfamily. The wealthy also had country houses (villae) in other parts of Italy,which they used to escape the heat and bustle of the city, or as places tostop overnight when traveling.

1. In what ways did Roman houses differ from ours?2. How did the poor lighting facilities affect the daily living of the people?3. How does climate affect the types of houses?

Lessons Xxix-XxxIv

R e v i e w l e s s o n s X X I X – X X X I V 239

Nouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

Prepositions

Words Used as Nouns (Substantives)1. Pronouns

Ego (in place of a person’s name), t¥, etc.2. Infinitives

As subject: C±dere nßn est gr¤tum. To yield

is not pleasant.

As object: Viam novam m¥n¬re d±b±mus. We

ought to build a new road.

3. AdjectivesMiser (nom. sing. masc.) terr±tur. The

unhappy (man) is scared.

Aequae (nom. pl. fem.) praemia merent. The just (women) deserve rewards.

Multum (acc. sing. neut.) facimus. We do

much.

Multa (acc. pl. neut.) facimus. We do many

(things).

Principal PartsVerbs generally form the perfect passive participleby adding -tus or -sus to the stem. Review the fol-lowing first conjugation verbs, whose principalparts are regular.

amß, appellß, convocß, dßnß, dubitß, ±vocß,exspectß, habitß, incitß, labßrß, l¬berß, mandß,mßnstrß, n¤vigß, n¥ntiß, oppugnß, parß, portß,probß, pugnß, servß, spectß, vocß

Past Perfect and Future Perfect TensesThe past perfect (pluperfect) and future perfectactive tenses are formed by adding a tense sign tothe perfect stem. The tense sign of the past perfect(pluperfect) is -era-; the tense sign of the future

per (+ acc.)prß (+ abl.)

sine (+ abl.)sub (+ acc. or abl.)

etiam iam ßlim tamen ubi

absumadsum¤mittßcupißd¬mittßdisc±dß

dubitß±d¥cß interficißiubeßnßscßpermittß

prßc±dßprßd¥cßprßpßnßrecipißredigßremaneß

removeßretineßsuscipiß

±gregiusinim¬cus

integermiser

pr¬mussuperbus

egonßs

is, ea, id t¥

vßs

beneficiumexempluml¬ber¬

per¬culumportasuperbia

Lessons Xxix-XxxIv


perfect is -eri-, except in the first person. The regu-lar personal endings are then added (-eram for thefirst person pluperfect, -erß for the first personfuture perfect).

Disc±dere dubit¤verant. They had hesitated to

depart.

M± sal¥t¤veris. You will have greeted

me.

Personal PronounsThe personal pronouns ego, nßs, t¥, and vßs areused just as they are in English, except that it is notnecessary to use them as the subject unless it is foremphasis or clarity.

T± d¬m¬s¬. I sent you (and not your

sister) away.

Ea nßb¬scum discessit. She left with us.

Possessive AdjectivesThe possessive adjectives meus, noster, tuus, andvester are derived from the personal pronouns. Likeall adjectives, they must agree with the noun theymodify in gender, number, and case. The numberand gender have no necessary relation to the num-ber and gender of the possessor.

Puellae fuerant am¬cae The girls had been my

meae. friends. (my might refer to a single man or woman)

Equßs tußs in agr¬s I see your horses in the

videß. fields. (the possessor referred to by your is singular and may be either male or female)

Infinitives as ObjectsCertain verbs, including teach, order, wish, forbid,

and force are often followed by an object infinitive.The subject of such an infinitive must be in theaccusative case.

Inim¬cßs acc±dere He orders the enemies to

iubet. approach.

Nßs n¤rr¤re f¤bul¤s She taught us to tell

docuit. stories.

The Perfect Passive TensesThe perfect passive tenses are all formed by usingthe fourth principal part (the perfect passive partici-ple) and a form of sum as a helping verb. Becausethe participle modifies the subject, it must agreewith it in gender, number, and case.

Susceptum est prß It was undertaken for us.

nßb¬s.Retenta erat. She had been held back.

Educt¬ erimus ± We shall have been led

per¬culß. out of danger.

Present Passive Infinitive The present passive infinitive is formed by chang-ing the final -e on the present infinitive to -¬, exceptfor all third conjugation verbs, where the -erechanges to -¬.

Laud¤r¬ ¤ t± amant. They love to be praised

by you.

Cap¬ nßn cup¬v±runt. They did not want to be

taken.

Lessons Xxix-XxxIv

R e v i e w l e s s o n s X X I X – X X X I V 241

A. Give the Latin for I, me, we, us, with me, with

us, you (as sing. subject and object), you (as pl.subject and object), of you (sing. and pl.), with

you (sing. and pl.).B. Give in Latin the singular and plural of great

danger and my son used as subject, used asdirect object, and used as indirect object.

C. Give the present passive infinitive of appellß,¤mittß, removeß, and audiß. Translate intoLatin: to undertake, to be undertaken; to order,

to be ordered; to lead out, to be led out.D. Give in six tenses, translating each tense form:

the active first singular of iubeß, and the passivethird plural of permittß.

E. Translate fuerant, fuist¬, iusser¤mus, discessit,remßv¬, retinuistis, cup¬vimus, ±d¥xit, prßposi-tum est, remßt¬ sunt, dubit¤verß. Provide inLatin: he had been, she has been seen, it has

been presented, he has remained, undertaken, it

will be entrusted, they have been, we had been

sent away.

1. Find and use in sentences as manyEnglish derivatives as possible fromservß, moveß, d¥cß, capiß. Forexample: from servß is derivedconservation, which could be used asfollows: The conservation of our soil

and of our forests is a necessity.

2. Identify Latin words from which eachof the following is derived: primitive,

permission, beneficiary, exemplary,

proposition, librarian, inimical,

integration, commiserate, retention,

reproduce.

Lessons Xxix-XxxIv


Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. Cupi±b¤mus nßn _____ ± cas¤, quod per¬culum

in vi¤ nov¤ magnum erat.a. d±fend¬ b. dubit¤r¬ c. d¬mitt¬ d. incip¬

2. Capt¬vus superbus sub port¤ oppid¬ ¤ r±g¬n¤_____.a. tr¤cta erat b. ±voc¤t¬ erant c. prßductum erat d. retentus erat

3. Iub±bisne nßs officia d¥ra sine auxiliß _____?a. interficere b. suscipere c. abesse d. adesse

4. N¥ntius am¬cus l¬berßs parvßs _____ loca nßtaad magistrum d¥xit.a. per b. prß c. d± d. ¤

5. Ølim M¤rcus v¬tam f¬l¬ pr¬m¬ me¬ serv¤vit;_____ am¬cus v±rus est.a. ego b. t¥ c. is d. ea

Complete each sentence with the correct endings.6. Aud___ verb___ pulchra po±t___ ±gregißrum

semper gr¤t___ est.7. Vent___ perpetuus paucßs naut___ Trßi¤nßs ad

¬ns¥lam miseram red±g___, tamen mult¬ inmedi¬s und¬s ¤miss___ ___.

8. Ego cr¤s ab___ (be absent), quod familiame___ ± prßvinci¤ prßc±d___, sed L¥ciusmigr___ numquam cupiet.

9. Benefici___ discipl¬n___ bonae etiam ¤mult___ am¬c___ me___ recept___ erunt.

10. Venus d¬xit: “Nßsc___, f¬l¬, verb___cßnsiliaque deßrum. Reman___ in Trßi¤ nßnest officium tu___.”

Translate the following sentences.11. T¥ ± loc¬s vari¬s cl¤r¬sque litter¤s mult¤s mihi

scr¬pseris, et semper gr¤t± sententi¤s tu¤slegam.

12. Multa exempla superbiae inim¬c¬s nostr¬s ¤vßb¬s in pugn¤ long¤ prß oppidß mßnstr¤tasunt.

13. Agricolae singul¬ cum am¬c¬s in agrum l¤tumconven¬re inc±perant, et nßb¬scum d¬c±bant.

14. Dßn¤ mihi librum bonum d± lingu¤ barbar¤;nunc verba nova legam et memori¤ semperten±bß.

15. Servus meus librum parvum f¬liae meae inaqu¤ inv±nerat, et is praemium pec¥niae ¤nßb¬s rec±pit.

Lessons Xxix-XxxIv

Find the answers to these questions from any lessonin Unit VI.16. Who were the Sibyls, and what did one of them

do to help Aeneas?17. True or false? The Carthaginian general

Hannibal was able to capture Rome and makeItaly a province of his country.

18. Latin nouns ending in -ia often become Englishnouns ending in _____, while those ending in-tia often end in the letters _____ in English.Give two examples of each.

19. A wealthy college-age student in ancient Romewould need to be able to read and understandwhat two languages?

20. Which Roman deities were twins, and in whataspects of life was each one powerful?

V±rum aut Falsum? Indicate whether each state-ment is true or false.21. Romans often had a garden with fine statues in

front of their homes.22. Fire and collapse were both serious problems

in ancient Roman apartment buildings.23. The impluvium, a basin for collecting rain-

water, usually was found in the kitchen.24. Among Rome’s seven hills, the Palatine was

the favorite for homes of the wealthy.25. Ancient Romans heated their rooms with char-

coal fires.

Apply your knowledge of Latin roots to determinethe best meaning of the italicized words.26. Telling bad jokes as he introduced the speaker

was an egregious mistake.a. common b. minor c. outstandingly bad d. deliberate

27. The emigrants had embarked on a perilous

journey.a. unknown b. long c. joyous d. dangerous

28. The official’s cupidity surprised the citizens.a. statement b. greed c. generosity d. attitude

29. Our team indubitably will win the champi-onship game.a. certainly b. hopefully c. possibly d. never

30. Throughout her career the senator displayedgreat integrity.a. authority b. wisdom c. determination d. incorruptibility

a s s e s s m e n t l e s s o n s X X I X – X X X I V 243

Documents

Unit Objectives To learn how adjectives may be used · Gianni Dagli Orti/Biblioteca Estense Modena/The Art Archive Unit Objectives • To learn how adjectives may be used as nouns