Unit Three: Global Interactions(1200 – 1650)

As a result of the Crusades, there was an increase in trade.

Following the Crusades, global trading networks were established.

Japan & Geography

Archipelago (a chain of islands)Japan is 85% mountainous

Japan has been protected from invasion by the Sea of Japan (ex. Mongols in the 13th century)

Japan & Geography

Japanese rely on terrace farming and the sea for food

Japan lacks many natural resources

“ring of fire” (volcanoes & earthquakes in the Pacific).

Tokugawa Japan and the Korean Peninsula                       

Early Traditions in Japan

Patriarchal (male dominated)

Heavily influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism

Filial Piety (respect for elders)

Shintoism

Japanese pray in Shinto Shrines

Shintoism (ancestor worship, Kami {spirit} & respect for nature)

Shintoism has been a unifying force in Japan

                       

                  

Korea as a bridge for Chinese ideas in Japan

Many fundamental aspects of Japanese life were borrowed from the Chinese via Korea (ex. Character Writing, architecture {Pagoda}, Buddhism, Confucianism)

Selective Borrowing

The notion that the Japanese borrowed foreign ideas that met there needs (examples. Confucianism, language, tea ceremony) and blended these ideas with their own original traditions to create their unique culture.

Early Japanese History & Feudalism

There has been only one imperial bloodline in Japan tracing its roots back to the Yamato clan prior to 500AD.

Heian Period700 – 1100 AD

A celebrated period in Japanese history where the imperial court lived in elegance.

The emperor ruled with real power.

Shoguns(1192 – 1868)

Overtime the emperor lost real power to the military commanders

A shogun was a top military commander who assumed actual power in Japan. The emperor was a figurehead.

                          

                               

Social hierarchy in Japan

Samurai – followed the code of the bushido (code of conduct for warriors)FarmersArtisansMerchants (the lowest class according to Confucian values)

Comparison to European Feudalism

Both societies had a rigid class structure with the warriors as the upper class and an emphasis on social order.

Both societies had a code of conduct for warriors (Japanese Samurai – Bushido, European knights – Chivalry)

The landed nobility controlled the daily lives of those living on their property in exchange for providing protection for them.

Tokagawa Shogunate(1600’s – 1868)

This family line ruled Japan in relative peace for 300 years.It followed a foreign policy of isolationism.

(Japan was not opened to trade with the outside world again until the 1853 visit of American Commodore Matthew Perry). Cultural advances during this time include haiku (Japanese poetry)

The rise and fall of the Mongols Empire

                      

Genghis Khan

Pax Mongolia

The golden age of the Mongols

Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan, ruler of half the known world, in 1260 A.D. established an official alphabet for his empire.

He intended for it to serve all the languages from Austria to Korea--to unify his vast Mongolian Empire

Impact on Central Asia and China

The Mongols were superior horseman and were able to conquer most of Asia

Mongols& Russia

The Mongols controlled Russia from the early 1200’s until 1480, during which time Russian contact with Europe was limited.

The Mongols in ChinaThe Yuan Dynasty1279 - 1368

Marco Polo

Ibn Battuta

World traveler from Morocco. He first visited Mecca, then proceeded to the far east. The records of his travels helped historians.

The rise and fall of African Civilizations

Ghana (800 – 1000 AD)

Mali(1200 AD– 1450 AD)

Songhai(1450 AD – 1600 AD)

All three kingdoms maintained trading networks across the

Sahara desert  The main export was gold, which made each kingdom wealthy, and provided them with the conditions for cultural and intellectual achievement.

Located along trade routes

One similarity between the Ancient African kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai is that all of these kingdoms were locatedon major trade routes in Africa.

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all influenced by Islam

Mosque located in Mali

                 

                                                          

The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrate that advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region

Ghana(800 AD– 1000 AD)

Controlled gold-salt trade routes in West AfricaViewed king as semi-divineHigh status held by womenInfluenced by Muslims

Mali(1200 AD– 1450 AD)

Expanded influence over gold-salt trade.

Emphasized peace and order

Mansu Musa - great Mali emperor

Mansa Musa

Mansu Musa - a great Islamic emperor who went on a famous hajj to Mecca calling attention to the great Mali Empire

Timbuktu

Timbuktu became a center for Islamic learning

Islamic scholars traveled from around the Muslim world to study and teach and the University of Timbuktu.

Axum

East African trading kingdom located along the Red Sea

The Axum were descendents from African farmers and Arabian traders

Axum

Introduced both Jewish and Christian traditions in Africa

Songhai(1450 AD – 1600 AD)

Largest West African stateControlled trade routes in West AfricaMuslimSet up efficient government and bureaucracyThe Songhai were defeated by people using European weaponry

Commercial Revolution

There was a basic economic change.Europe went from self-sufficient manors to establishing global trading networks that relied on capitalism.

Trade grows

Goods from east are in demand (silks and spices) in Europe

Towns grow as commerce increases.

Trade fairs and towns

As monarchs collected tax revenue from business people, the monarch grew stronger and nobles lost power (the Kings no longer relied on the nobles for defense because they were able to hire professional armies with the newly collected taxes).

As Trade increases

The power of kings increases

The power of the nobles decreases.

A middle class grows

Feudalism is weakened

New Business Practices

Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies emerge.

Banking grows

Insurance industry grows (insurance helped to reduce the risk of investors).

Hanseatic League

An organization of northern German business people who bonded together to protect their business interests

Hanseatic League

To protect shipping, they addressed piracy issues and built lighthouses in the Baltic Sea. They successfully set up monopolies in various industries in Northern Europe.

Trade GuildsA guild was a type of trade association.Guilds would protect the interests of its members by ensuring high quality, regulating prices and provided social services for its members.

Major centers of trade:

Nanjing

Calcutta

Mogadishu

Venice

Florence

Expansion of the Portuguese Spice Trade to Southeast AsiaPrince Henry’s School for Sailors

A major innovator of his time.

Black Death

One - third of Europe’s population died as a result of this plague.

It was transmitted by fleas on the backs of rats.

Black Death

One - third of Europe’s population died as a result of this plague.

It was transmitted by fleas on the backs of rats.

Increasing power of Kings & Rise of Nation-States

France

Spain

England

Russia

The Renaissance (1350-1600)

Renaissance means a “rebirth” of culture and learning in Western Europe.

Renaissance - A rebirth in learning

Driven by the spirit of questioning (learned from the Ancient Greece and Romans - the “classic civilizations”)

Renewed interest in the individual.

Emphasis on art and literature.

Creativity in the arts was encouraged

The Renaissance begins in Italy

The Italian peninsula was a center of trade.

Center of Greco-Roman culture.

Center of the Catholic Church.

Renaissance citiesCity-States such as Florence and Milan grew rich in trade between Europe and The Middle East.

Characteristics of the Renaissance

Humanism

Questioning Attitude

Interest in Secular, or non religious worldly, matters.

Rise of a wealthy middle class ($)

Great achievements in the arts.

Humanism• Humanism was an intellectual movement where

people began to focus on life in the present, which was in contrast to the Middle Ages' focus on the after life.

• Humanism also stressed the importance of the individual. 

• This movement was the driving force of the Renaissance and is reflected in the period's artistic, literary, and scientific achievements.

HumanismChallenged the

traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and medieval thinking.

Humanism stressed the importance of education, with the study of ancient Greek and Roman texts becoming the learning standard. 

In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism wasan appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement European Renaissance: Question 1 of 15

Individual Achievement

Greco-Roman revival

Lorenzo de’ Medici

A wealthy and powerful merchant from Florence.

Used his wealth to become a patron of the arts.

A changing style in the arts

From religious to secular: a shift in world view

Medieval Art(before the Renaissance)

Artists depicted subjects in an unrealistic, two dimensional style to indicate the importance of the soul over the body

Characteristics of Renaissance Art Three dimensional (

Illusion of depth)

realistic

lifelike

influenced by Greco-Roman culture

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS

Leonardo da Vinci

Michaelangelo

Raphael

Donatello

Leonardo da Vinci-He was a Master painter in the old

style who was also a gifted Engineer, Architect and

Researcher;

Leonardo da Vinci The ideal “Renaissance Man”

Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be the true Renaissance man.

He had an interest and talents in many fields.

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci made contributions as an:

Inventor

Scientist

Architect

Painter

Mona Lisa

Notice the subject is a lay person

Notice the use of shading

Relatively lifelike

The Last Supper

Subject is still religious in nature.

Notice the use of perspective showing depth.

Raphael

The Coronation of the Virgin

A close up of the apostles in”The Coronation of the Virgin”

The School of Athens

Michealangelo

DAVID

Pieta

Sistine Chapel

Donatello

Face and shoulders of Donatellos Bronze David

Brueghel A peasant wedding & The Harvest

Literature

Are you familiar with the works of Shakespeare?

Machiavelli

A political philosopher.

Authored The Prince. This handbook advises princes how to remain in power

“The end justifies the means”

Leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals

No Central Government existed in Italy, there were individual

city-states.

ArchitectureSt. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

1455 -Development of the Printing Press

Invented by Johann Gutenberg

Allowed for the rapid spread of ideas.

Effects of the Renaissance

The philosophy of humanism brought about a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church (European Renaissance: Question 5 of 15)

The questioning spirit led to the Reformation and the Age of Exploration

The Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation1517-1650

To protest = To object

To reform = To change for the better

The Protestant Reformation:

Protested practices of the Catholic Church.

Reformation

Catholic church lost power as people converted to protestant religions.

New religions included: Lutheranism and Anglicanism.

Reformation

King and Princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Vatican and supported the protestants as a way of escaping the power of the Church.

Underlying causes of the Reformation

The Renaissance, led people to question the authority of the church and place greater faith in human reason.

The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent the power of the pope in their countries.

Underlying Causes of the Reformation

Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury, or the lending of money at interest, created opposition to the Catholic Church among members of the new middle class.

Resentment of the tithe (10% tax).

Corruption within the Catholic

Martin Luther In Wittenburg Germany Martin Luther posted a list of complaints against the catholic church called The Ninety-Five Thesis, or questions for debate.

Luther condemned the church Luther condemned the

Catholic for :

Selling indulgences

Nepotism

Its interpretation of the Bible

Indulgences

Indulgences were pardons for sins that could be purchased.

It equaled paying for forgiveness.

Nepotism

The Selling of positions of power within the Catholic Church.

Interpretation of the Bible

Martin Luther believed that faith alone guaranteed salvation (afterlife).

CalvanismBased on the teachings

of John Calvin.

Predestination- only those chosen by god would get salvation.

1. Moral lives

2. Hard Work

3. Simple lives

The Anglican Church or Church of England was started

by King Henry VIII

Henry VIII Henry was not a true reformer, yet broke from the Catholic Church and the pope.

When denied a divorce Henry issued the Act of Supremacy and created a national religion for England.

Religious Wars Religious differences led to 100 years warfare.

Protestant England engaged in a naval war with Spain.

Thirty Years War in Germany (1618-1648)

Results of the Reformation

New Religions

Religious Wars

Greater power for civil authorities

The Counter Reformation

The Counter ReformationCouncil of Trent -An attempt to stop the spread of Protestant religions

The council confirmed church teachings and

instituted reforms such as ending the sale of indulgences.

Results of the Counter Reformation

The Inquisition - Church courts that had the power to execute those convicted of being heretics.

The Index- a list of books Catholics were forbidden to read

Loyola

Results of the Counter Reformation

Religious persecution against non-catholics (ex. Jews and Muslims in Spain)

Despite these moves the Counter Reformation was unable to restore the former membership,power and prestige of the church.

Results of the ReformationReligious diversity

- England was Anglican

- Much of Northern Germany

was Lutheran

Religious disunity as evidenced by a number of religious wars.

Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses were a call for

a)       religious revolt against the German princes

b)       reforms within the Roman Catholic Church

c)       greater papal authority

d)       crusades to spread Christianity

 

1453 - Fall of the Byzantine Empire

After surviving 1,000 after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire was defeated by the Ottomans.