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UNIT X – KINGDOM ANIMALIABig Campbell – Ch 32 - 34, 40, 44, 46, 53 - 55
Baby Campbell – Ch 18, 20, 25, 27, 36, 37
I. ORIGINS OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
I. ORIGINS OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA, cont
II. INTRODUCTION TO KINGDOM ANIMALIA• •
• • • • Bodies held together with structural proteins
Collagen• Regulatory genes
Hox genes• Reproduce sexually
II. INTRODUCTION TO KINGDOM ANIMALIA, cont
Embryonic DevelopmentIn Animals
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
• Based on . . . A. Presence or absence of true tissuesB. SymmetryC. Development of germ layersD. Presence of body cavityE. Embryonic development
A. Tissues• Metazoa (Parazoa) – organisms without true tissues• Eumetazoa – organisms with true tissues
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, contB. Symmetry
• Asymmetry • Radial • Bilateral – cephalization
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont
C. Development of Germ Layers • Form various tissues & organs
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
• Diploblastic Organisms 2 layers No mesoderm
• Most animals are triploblastic
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont
D. Presence of Body Cavity• Only applies to triploblasts• Acoelomates
No body cavity Solid body
• Pseudocoelomates “False” body cavity Not lined with mesoderm
• Coelomates True body cavity All other animals
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont
E. Embryonic Development • Applies to organisms with
bilateral symmetry, primarily coelomates
• Protostomes Spiral cleavage Schizocoelous Opening formed during
gastrulation (blastopore) becomes mouth
Mollusks, annelids, arthropods
• Deuterostomes Radial cleavage Enterocoelous Blastopore develops into anus Echinoderms, chordates
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont
IV. INVERTEBRATES
• Make up 95% of all animals
• Most scientists agree on approximately 35 animal phyla
• 34 of these are made up of invertebrates
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA
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V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont• Four characteristics common
to all chordate embryos– Notochord – Flexible rod located
between digestive tract & nerve cord
– Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord – Eventually develops into brain and spinal cord
– Pharyngeal Slits – Present in developmental stages; may not be found in adult stage
– Post-anal Tail
• Divided into 3 sub-phyla:– Urochordata– Cephalochordata– Vertebrata
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont
Invertebrate Chordates
• Lack a true backbone• Suspension feeders• Closest vertebrate
relatives; appear 50 million years prior to vertebrates
• Subphylum Urochordata
– Tunicates, sea squirts– Sessile as adults
• Subphylum Cephalochordata
– Lancelets, amphioxus– Burrow in sand of ocean
floor
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata• Notochord secretes proteins that make up somites – differentiate into vertebrae,
ribs, skeletal muscles of trunk• Pronounced cephalization• Closed circulatory system with chambered heart
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha• Jawless vertebrates• Most primitive, living
vertebrates• Lack paired appendages• Cartilaginous skeleton• Notochord present throughout
life• Rasping mouth• 2-chambered heart• Hagfish – no longer
considered to be vertebrates by some taxonomists; scavengers
• Lampreys – usually parasitic
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum VertebrataClass Chondrichthyes• Cartilaginous fishes• Sharks, skates, rays• Well-developed jaws; paired fins• Continual water flow over gills • Lateral line system (water pressure changes)• Internal Fertilization; may be
– Oviparous- eggs hatch outside mother’s body– Ovoviviparous- retain fertilized eggs; nourished by egg yolk; young born live
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum VertebrataClass Osteichthyes• Ossified endoskeleton • Scales • Operculum• Swim bladder• Ectotherms• Most numerous of all vertebrates• Ray-fined – Most common type; fins supported by long, bony rods arranged in a ray
pattern; bass, trout, perch, tuna, herring• Lobe-finned - Fins supported by rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle;
coelocanth; lungfishes
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum VertebrataClass Amphibia• First tetrapods, land animals• Frogs, toads, salamanders• Metamorphosis• Ectotherms• External fertilization; lack shelled egg• Moist skin for gas exchange• 2 → 3 chambered heart
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum VertebrataClass Reptilia• Lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians• Internal fertilization• Amniotes – Eggs have shells, extraembryonic membranes which aid in gas exchange, transfer of
nutrients, protection• Ectotherms• 3-chambered heart in most; 4-chambered heart in crocs• Scales with keratin
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata“Class Aves”• Have many adaptations for flight
– Wings– Honeycombed bone– Feathers (keratin)– Toothless– Lack urinary bladder– One ovary– Large breastbone
• Endothermic• 4-chambered Heart• Fossil studies show connection
between reptiles and birds; birds now included in Class Reptilia
• Archaeopteryx – earliest known bird
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum VertebrataClass Mammalia• Mammary glands• Hair (keratin)• Endothermic• 4-chambered heart• Large brains (relative to size)• Teeth differentiation• Diaphragm• Divided into three groups
– Monotremes – Egg-layers; platypus, anteaters
– Marsupials – Embryonic development of young completed in pouch; kangaroos, koalas, opossums
– Eutherians – Placental mammals; all other mammals
VII. ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION
• Anatomy vs Physiology
• Humans are composed of 4 tissue typesEpithelial Connective Nerve Muscle
VII. ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION, cont
Epithelial Tissue• Covers body and lines organs and
cavities• Forms glands• May secrete mucus, be ciliated• Held together by tight junctions• Basement membrane
Anchors one side of epithelium to tissues beneath
Extracellular matrix made up of protein, polysaccharides
• Classified according to the number of layers of cells Simple - single layer of cells Stratified – multiple layers
• And the shape of the cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
VII. ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION, contConnective Tissue• Bind and support other tissues• Consists of cells loosely organized in an extracellular matrix• Matrix is produced and secreted by cells
VII. ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION, cont
Nerve Tissue• Senses stimuli and transmits
signals from 1 part of the animal to another
• Neuron Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
VII. ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION, cont
Muscle Tissue• Capable of contracting when
stimulated by nerve impulses• Myofibrils composed of
proteins, actin and myosin • 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal – Voluntary, striated
Cardiac – Involuntary, striated, branched; makes direct contact with other cardiac muscle cells
Smooth – Involuntary; lacks striations
VIII. REGULATION OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
• Fluid that surrounds cells is known as interstitial fluid
• Temperature, water concentration, salt concentration, pH must be kept relatively constant to maintain homeostasis
• Maintained through Negative Feedback – Triggers
response that counteracts the change
Positive Feedback – Triggers response that amplify the change
VIII. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REGULATION, cont Osmoregulation
• Management of the body’s water content and solute composition
• Animals may be classified as:Osmoconformer: Marine invertebrates. Solute concentration
in sea equal to that of organism; therefore, no active adjustment of internal osmolarity (marine animals); isoosmotic to environment
Osmoregulator: Include marine vertebrates, freshwater animals, land animals. Body fluids have solute concentration different from environment. Must expend energy to regulate water loss or gain.
VIII. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REGULATION, cont Osmoregulation, cont
• Freshwater fishes Higher solute
concentration in fish → fish gains water, loses salt → doesn’t drink water, excretes large amounts of dilute urine
• Marine fishes Lower solute
concentration in fish → fish loses water, gains salt → drinks large amount of saltwater, pumps excess salt out of gills, produces small amounts of urine
VIII. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REGULATION, cont Thermoregulation
• Regulation of body temperature• Four physical processes:
Conduction - Transfer of heat between objects in direct contact
Convection - Transfer of heat by movement of air/liquid past a surface
Radiation - Transfer of heat between objects not in direct contact
Evaporation - Loss of heat in conversion of liquid to gas
• Sources of body heat: Ectothermic - Determined by environment Endothermic - High metabolic rate
generates high body heat• Countercurrent Heat Exchangers
Two types of blood vessels arranged in anti-parallel fashion
VIII. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REGULATION, cont Thermoregulation, cont.
• Adaptationso Torpor - Low activity; decrease in
metabolic rateHibernation
Long-term or winter torpor Due to winter cold, food
scarcity Bears, squirrels
Estivation Short-term or summer torpor Adaptation for high
temperatures, water scarcity Fish, amphibians, reptiles
Both typically triggered by length of daylight
VIII. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REGULATION, cont Thermoregulation, cont.
Human Thermoregulation
VIII. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REGULATION, cont Metabolism
• Sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions
• Energy measured in Joules, calories, or kilocalories (Calories)
• Metabolic rate may be determined by Monitoring rate of heat
loss Measuring amount of O2
consumed or CO2 produced
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual • Fission (parent separation)
• Budding (sponges, corals)
• Fragmentation + Regeneration (inverts)
Sexual• Gametes
Ovum Sperm
• Zygote
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTIONMechanisms of Reproduction
• Parthenogenesis Unfertilized egg
developmentTypically haploid,
sterile adultsDaphnia, Rotifers,
honeybees
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTIONMechanisms of Reproduction, cont
• Hermaphroditism Both male & female reproductive systemsOccurs in earthworms, other sessile & burrowing organisms
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTIONMechanisms of Reproduction, cont
• Sequential hermaphroditism Reversal of gender during
lifetime Protogynous - female first
Protandrous – male first
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTIONSexual Reproduction
• Pheromes Chemical signals released by
organism Influences behavior, physiology of
organisms of same species Active in minute amounts
• Fertilization External Internal
X. ECOLOGYInteractions Between Organisms & Their Environment
X. ECOLOGYImportant Terms/Concepts
• Levels of Organization Organism → Species → Population →
• Biomes• Food Chains
Trophic levels Importance, examples of decomposers Comparison of energy flow vs recycling
of nutrients Most energy? Pyramid of production Limits on trophic levels
Primary production provides the “energy budget” for any given ecosystem
• Niche
X. ECOLOGYNutrient Cycles
• Water• Carbon • Phosphorus• Nitrogen
X. ECOLOGYEcological Succession
• Changes seen in a community following a severe disturbance Primary Succession
Describes individuals colonizing virtually lifeless area with no soil; may be due to volcano, glacier Typically begins with autotrophic bacteria; followed by lichens, mosses Known as pioneer organisms Gradual development of soil due to weather, decomposition of pioneer organisms Larger organisms begin to inhabit area → eventually results in climax community
Secondary Succession Results from disturbance that leaves soil intact; for example, fire
X. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology
• Study of how and why populations change
• Survivorship Curves Type I – have few young but
provide good care; seen in humans & other large mammals
Type II – intermediate; mortality fairly constant over life span; seen in some invertebrates, lizards, rodents
Type III – high death rates for very young; typically produce high number of young but provide very little care; seen in fish, amphibians, some invertebrates
X. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology, cont
• Exponential Growth Occurs when population is in
ideal environment No limiting factors Entire population multiplies by a
constant factor
• Logistic Growth Population impacted by limiting
factors Carrying Capacity is met Limiting factors may be
described as Density-Dependent
Density-Independent
X. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology, cont
• Life history traits include reproductive age, frequency of reproduction, number of offspring, amount of parental care
• Shaped by evolution and natural selection• Selection for life history strategies determined by population densities and
conditions r-selection
Seen in uncrowded, unpredictable environments Also known as density-independent selection Individuals mature early and/or produce maximum number of offspring at one time Maximizes r, the per capita rate of increase Bacteria, weeds
K-selection Typically seen in larger, longer-lived individuals Population is close to carrying capacity therefore competitive ability, efficient use of resources
favored Maturity & reproduction at later age Fewer young; higher degree of parental care Term, K refers to carrying capacity
X. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology, cont
Exponential . . . but, it is slowing
Human Population Growth . . .
