Contents

Introduction to the Second Edition xi

Unit 1 Giving an Introduction Speech 1Sizing Up Your Audience 2Clarifying Your Purpose 2Organizing Your Speech 3Flow: First Look at Connecting Devices and Topic Shifts 6Organization Indicator Statements 8Beginning Your Speech 9Concluding Your Speech 10Tips for Overcoming Nervousness 17Non-Verbal Behavior 18Tips for Improving Non-Verbal Communication 19Pronunciation: Pausing 20

Unit 2 Describing and Comparing Objects 28Part 1: Describing an Object 29

Organization 32Pointing with Words 36Non-Verbal Behavior: Pointing with Your Hands 38Using Adjectives to Describe an Object 38Statements of Purpose 38Organization Indicator Statements 40Making Visuals 41Tips for Enhancing Your Visual 43

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Giving Academic Presentations, Second Edition Susan M. Reinhart http://www.press.umich.edu/5060862/giving_academic_presentations_second_edition Michigan ELT, 2013

viii Contents

Part 2: Comparing Objects 47Maintaining Contact with the Audience 50Pronunciation: Stress 51Giving a Tour 55

Unit 3 Explaining a Process or Procedure 59Introductions to Process Speeches 62Organizing the Process: Connecting Devices 66Explaining the Process: Tense, Voice, and the Imperative (Command) 67Giving an Instructions Speech 69Using Modals in Process Speeches 72Examples of Cleft Sentences Using What 76Gestures 79Tips for Improving Hand Gestures 80Tips for Using Computer Projection and the Blackboard (or Whiteboard) 82Maintaining Contact with the Audience 83Pronunciation: Intonation 86

Unit 4 Defining a Concept 93Developing or Extending a Definition 100Opening a Definition Speech 105Formal Definitions 108Defining Additional Terms 110Concluding Your Speech 117Tips for Concluding Your Presentation 118Using Visuals with Outlines 119Maintaining Contact with the Audience 120Pronunciation: Intonation and Noun Phrases 123

Unit 5 Giving a Problem-Solution Speech 132Signaling Problems or Disadvantages 136Signaling a Solution 137Referring to Graphs 137Organizing Information 140Listing 141Speaking to Persuade: Providing Evidence 143Anticipating Questions from the Audience 145Ways to Critique a Solution 147Evaluating Your Solution 148Ways to Qualify Your Claims 149Providing an Overview or Outline Summary 151Tips for Answering Questions from the Audience 152Pronunciation: Unstressed Words and Syllables 156

Giving Academic Presentations, Second Edition Susan M. Reinhart http://www.press.umich.edu/5060862/giving_academic_presentations_second_edition Michigan ELT, 2013

Contents ix

Unit 6 Putting It All Together 162Part 1: Presenting Biographical Information 162

Controversies among Scholars 167Part 2: Presenting Research 171

Summarizing the Methodology 176Summarizing the Results 178Referring to Handouts 180Conclusions and Implications 181Preparing to Present Your Research 182

Giving Academic Presentations, Second Edition Susan M. Reinhart http://www.press.umich.edu/5060862/giving_academic_presentations_second_edition Michigan ELT, 2013