unit5 2ND ESO.pdf

8/10/2019 unit5 2ND ESO.pdf

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Oxford University Press Espaa S.A., 2013

U

nit5

Islam and al-Andalus


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What do we know?


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OBJECTIVES

1- Understand the role of Muhammed in Islam. Understand the 5 pillars of

Islam

2- Recognise the political, economic and social characteristics of Islamic

civilisation

3- Identify the structure of Islamic cities

4- Recognise the main features of Islamic art and architecture

5- Identify the periods in the history of al-Andalus

6- Understand the economic and social characteristics of Islamic civilisation

in al-Andalus

7- Identify the main characteristics of daily life in the cities of al-Andalus

8- Describe the characteristics of al-Andalus culture and architecture


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CONTENTS

1- THE ORIGIN AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM

2- ISLAMIC POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

3- ISLAMIC CULTURE, ARCHITECTURE AND ART

4- AL-ANDALUS: POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

5- DAILY LIFE IN THE CITIES OF AL-ANDALUS

6- AL-ANDALUS CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURE


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THE ORIGIN AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM

Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula (Polytheistic Arab nomads)

Islamic prophet: Muhammed (Mecca, 570)

Religion of Allah (God)Koran (Muslimssacred book, written in Arabic)

Five pillars of Islam (duties/obligations):

Faith (Allah is God and Muhammed his prophet)

Pray 5 times a day (facing Mecca)Fast* during the month of Ramadan

Give alms to people in need

Go on pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime Kaaba sanctuary

Muhammedsdoctrine was prohibited and he had to escape to Medina. Fromthere he organized his army to conquer Mecca in 630

Expansion of Islam across the rest of Arabian Peninsula under Muhammeds

leadership

* It is common to have one meal (known as the suhoor), just before sunrise and another (known as the iftar), directly after sunset.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hW3hH9_7pI&list=PLAD4FEE93AAD38EDDhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8IwSSaieQkhttp://www.zonu.com/images/0X0/2010-01-02-11572/Map-to-illustrate-the-spread-of-Islam.gifhttp://www.zonu.com/images/0X0/2010-01-02-11572/Map-to-illustrate-the-spread-of-Islam.gifhttp://www.zonu.com/images/0X0/2010-01-02-11572/Map-to-illustrate-the-spread-of-Islam.gifhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8IwSSaieQkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hW3hH9_7pI&list=PLAD4FEE93AAD38EDDhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hW3hH9_7pI&list=PLAD4FEE93AAD38EDDhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hW3hH9_7pI&list=PLAD4FEE93AAD38EDDhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hW3hH9_7pI&list=PLAD4FEE93AAD38EDDhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hW3hH9_7pI&list=PLAD4FEE93AAD38EDD


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The origin and expansion of Islam

When and where did Islam originate?

What are the five pillars of Islam?


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ISLAMIC POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

POLITICAL ORGANISATION

CALIPHS Mohammeds successors (conquest of territories)

MAIN POLITICAL AUTHORITIES

oThe caliph highest political and religious authority

oThe vizier (hayid)prime minister

oRoyal treasurers (diwans) in charge of collecting taxes

oEmirs (walis) governors of provinces

oJudges (qadis) applied laws

STAGES OF THE CALIPHATES:

The Orthodox Caliphate (632-661): first 4 caliphs (close to Muhammed).

Capital Medina and Kufa

The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750):power of Umayyads (the first great

Islamic dynasty). Capital in Damascus (Syria)

The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258):The Abbasid dynasty ruled and moved the

capital to Baghdad.


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Islamic political organisation

What were the differences between the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates?

How many types of Islamic officials can you name? What did each do?


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The expansion of Islam

In which region did Islam expand during Muhammeds life?

In which period did Islam expand to the Iberian Peninsula?


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ECONOMY

Agriculture: (except in the Arabian Peninsula)

Various techniques to obtain water and

transport it to the cultivated areas

Craftwork:

tanning of hides

tapestries, carpets and cotton/silk, etc

jewellery, ivory, perfume, weapons

Trade (main activity)

Markets (souks) in cities

Use of coins for commercial exchange (dinar, dirham, fals)

External trade (ex: Silk road)

Water wheels

Irrigation channels

silk, precious stones, spices from East

Gold, ivory from Africa
http://traderjoes.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/tanning-hides.jpghttp://theoldgiftshop.com/images/tapestries/bt2957a.jpghttp://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Map_of_Silk_road_and_Arab_trade.JPGhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31nIfAhJYBAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31nIfAhJYBAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31nIfAhJYBAhttp://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Map_of_Silk_road_and_Arab_trade.JPGhttp://theoldgiftshop.com/images/tapestries/bt2957a.jpghttp://traderjoes.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/tanning-hides.jpg


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The economy

What was the function of the machine shown in this image?

What other economic activities were important?


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SOCIETY : Formed by

Main cities: Damascus, Baghdad, Samarra, Cairo, Kairouan, Fez, Cordoba

Areas inside a city:

Alcazaba(citadel): high and walled area formed by:

the alczar (palace of the wali/emir

administrative and government buildings

building of the army/defense (garrison)

The medina: central part of the city, formed by

the mosque

the madrasa (college)

the souk

The public baths, hospital, etc

The arrabales: neighbourhoods outside city walls

Aristocracy (caliphs, emirs)

Free people (traders, landowners, muslims, christians, jews pay

taxes)

Slaves (war prisoners)
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V7Lo8OQlMTY/S3wmERUU46I/AAAAAAAABLI/-8UEXAiGx1A/s1600/Almer%25C3%25ADa+Alcazaba+Oct+2004+%25282%2529.JPGhttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V7Lo8OQlMTY/S3wmERUU46I/AAAAAAAABLI/-8UEXAiGx1A/s1600/Almer%25C3%25ADa+Alcazaba+Oct+2004+%25282%2529.JPGhttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V7Lo8OQlMTY/S3wmERUU46I/AAAAAAAABLI/-8UEXAiGx1A/s1600/Almer%25C3%25ADa+Alcazaba+Oct+2004+%25282%2529.JPGhttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V7Lo8OQlMTY/S3wmERUU46I/AAAAAAAABLI/-8UEXAiGx1A/s1600/Almer%25C3%25ADa+Alcazaba+Oct+2004+%25282%2529.JPG


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Islamic cities

What were the main social groups in Islamic society?

What were the functions of the places labelled on this image?


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ISLAMIC CULTURE, ARCHITECTURE AND ART

CULTURE

oContributions from Persians, Chinese, Indians

oTranslation of Greek philosophers and transmission of this knowledge to the

medieval Christian world

oMain advances: - mathematics(adoption of Hindu numbers; zero)

- medicine (Avicenna: one of the most important

doctors of medieval times)

- literature(Thousand and one nights, 9th century)- Technical advances: astrolabe, compass, paper

ARCHITECTURE AND ART

oArchitecture: the most important form of artistic expression

oMain buildings: palaces and mosques

oCharacteristics - Basic materials were covered with plaster, tiles

- Different kinds or arch

- Different vaults and domes

- A lot of decoration in the interiors of buildings
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Islamic architecture

What were the main features of Islamic architecture?

What are the names of these three types of arches?


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Where would you find the features shown in these images?

What is each one called?


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What building is shown in this image? What was its function?

Can you name the different parts of the building? What happened in each one?


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AL- ANDALUS

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

711: Arabs and Berbers arrived in the Iberian Peninsula

Defeat of VisigothsBATTLE OF GUADALETE:

THE MOORS CONQUERED ALMOST ALL THE PENINSULA AND

NAMED IT AL-ANDALUS


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AL- ANDALUSPERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF AL-ANDALUS

1) Dependent emirate: Governed by an emir Advance towards the north

Defeat of Poitiers (732)

2) Independent emirate: Governed by emir Abd-al- Rahman I (Umayyad)

Political (not religious) independence from Baghdad

3) Crdoba Caliphate Governed by caliph Abd-al- Rahman III (929)

Political and religious independence from Baghdad

4) Taifa kingdoms and North African dynasties (11th century)

Division of al-Andalus into taifa kingdoms (weak)

northern Christian kingdoms take advantage and conquer lands from Muslims

Muslims get help from Almoravids and control the area again until 12th cent.

5) The last Taifa and Nasrid Kingdom

Division again into taifa kingdoms

12th cent: Almohads ruled the area but later defeated by Christians.

Nasrid kingdom of Granada survived till 1492 (Catholic monarchs conquest)
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AL- ANDALUS

ECONOMY

Agriculture:Main activity

Livestock(sheep)

Craftwork (leather, gold/silver, pottery, leatherwork, etc

Trade(controlled by the almotacn) strategic location of al-Andalus

-Import of slaves, luxury goods (spices, gold)

- Export of textiles, oil, leather, pottery, etc

cereal, olives, vines

Rice, oranges, sugar-cane


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AL- ANDALUS

SOCIETY

Muslims

Arabs (minority most powerful)

Berbers(lived from livestock farming)

Mulades: converted muslims (peasants)

Non-muslims

Christians: Mozarabs (non converted to Islam)

Jews: trade, craftwork, finance

Paid special taxes

Couldnthold political office

Couldnt practise their religion

in public


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Al-Andalus


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Al-Andalus: citiesHouses close togetherGroups of people with same profession/religion(Mozarabs and Jews) own neighbourhoodPublic baths for men and womenMain mosque in the medina: aljama


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AL-ANDALUS: CITIES

ORGANISATION OF THE CITY

The alcazaba palace of the Alczar

The medina walled city with gates; inside: souk and principal mosque

most cities had a drainage system and public baths

The arrabales (outside) they had mosques, souks and public baths too

Around the cities almunias (country houses) property of rich people

Flat ground religious celebrationstraining of the army


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Al-Andalus: houses

What were houses in al-Andalus like?

Which rooms are shown in the image? What is happening in each one?


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AL-ANDALUS: CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

CULTURE:

Al-Andalus One of the great cultural centres of the medieval world

Distinguished philosophers and writers

MOORISH ARCHITECTURE:

PERIODS:

Caliphal: Great Mosque (Cordoba); Medina Azahara; Bib-al Mardum (Toledo)

Taifa: Aljafera Palace (Zaragoza)Almohad: theGiralda, The Torre de Oro (watchtower in Sevilla)

Nasrid: AlhambraPalace (Granada)
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Al-Andalus: architecture

Which period of Islamic architecture is shown in this image?

Which features of that style can you see in the image?


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Al-Andalus: architecture

Which period of Islamic architecture is shown in this image?

Which features of that style can you see in the image?

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unit5 2ND ESO.pdf