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 Charter Change TheBurning Issues By:  Fr. Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J. Forum on Charter Change: CHACHA for what and for whom? Organized by: PASCRES, C4CC,PHILCOS and AKBAYAN 27 April 2006, Institute of Social Order, Ateneo de Manila University

Unitary vs Federal Presidential vs Parlimentary

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Page 1: Unitary vs Federal Presidential vs Parlimentary

   

Charter ChangeTheBurning Issues

By:  Fr. Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J.

Forum on Charter Change: CHACHA for what and for whom?

Organized by: PASCRES, C4CC,PHILCOS and AKBAYAN

27 April 2006, Institute of Social Order, Ateneo de Manila University

Page 2: Unitary vs Federal Presidential vs Parlimentary

   

Two Kinds of Change

✏ Amendment✏ Revision

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Three agents of Change

✏ Constitutional Convention✏ Congress✏ Initiative and Referendum

✏ (I shall come back to these)

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The Controverted Issues

✏ Should we move from “presidential” to “parliamentary”?✏ Should we move from bicameral to unicameral?✏ If so, how is it to be achieved?✏ Shelved for the moment: Federalism

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The Forms Being Proposed

✏ As gathered from current drafts being considered

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Parliamentary v Presidential

Two  Ways of Horizontal Sharing Power

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Presidential

✏ Division of powers among of President, Congress and Courts✏ Theoretically equal but President is dominant

✏ Fixed term✏ Elected at large

✏ We have had it since turn of the century

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Parliamentary System

✏ Supremacy of an elected Parliament✏ Members elected by Districts✏ Elects Prime Minister✏ All or most of Cabinet are Members✏ May recommend removal of  Prime Minister

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Main Actors

✏ The Parliament✏ The Prime Minister✏ The Cabinet✏ The President

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The Parliament

✏ Membership✏ Term of Members✏ Qualifications✏ Disqualifications✏ Unicameral or Bicameral

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Role of Parliament

✏ Makes laws; overrides veto✏ Chooses/fires Prime Minister✏ Chooses Cabinet✏ Judge of Impeachment✏ Forms Electoral Tribunal, Commission on Impeachment, 

Commission on Appointments

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Rules of Procedure

✏ Same as now

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The Prime Minister

✏ How chosen✏ Qualifications✏ Term

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The No­Confidence Vote

✏ Grounds✏ Procedure✏ The Prime Minister’s Response

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Powers of Prime Minister

✏ He is Chief Executive with same Powers as President now✏ May veto bills✏ Appoints and heads Cabinet✏ Accountable to parliament✏ Representative to international orgs

Page 16: Unitary vs Federal Presidential vs Parlimentary

   

The Cabinet

✏ Appointed by resident✏ Assists the President

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The President

✏ Qualifications✏ Head of government✏ Largely ceremonial

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Role of Political Parties

✏ Decides party leadership✏ Majority party decides head of government✏ Minority party “fiscalizes”

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Advantages of Parliamentarism

✏ Avoids gridlock between legislature and executive✏ Easier to change head of government✏ NOTE:  Parliamentarism requires a working political party 

system.

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Vertical Division of  Power

✏ Unitary: Central government holds all✏ Federal:  Power divided between central and local 

governments✏ Confederation: Agreement for specific tasks.  E.g., EU

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Traditional Unitarism

✏ Power concentrated in central gov’t✏ We had this until 1987

✏ Local governments only had delegated powers✏ Therefore removable by central gov’t

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Mitigated Unitarism: 1987

✏ Limited constitutional empowerment of local governments✏ Encouragement of local autonomy✏ Two Autonomous regions authorized✏ Power of local taxation

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Federalism in general

✏ What is federalism?✏ Vertical sharing of power.

✏ What basic principle underlies federalism?✏ Subsidiarity

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Who exercises what?

✏ Federal:  interstate relations, matters national in scope, foreign relations:  

✏ CONCRETELY:  defense, foreign affairs, currency, customs, federal budget and taxes,immigration, citizenship, national territory

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Who exercises what?

✏ States usually have the following:✏ Local government, state budget and taxes, education, law and 

order, state level planning, public works, environment, natural resources.

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Who exercises what?

✏ Possible concurrent powers:✏ Agriculture and fisheries, energy, trade and industry, tourism, 

labor and employment, communication, science and technology, culture, social welfare and development.

Page 27: Unitary vs Federal Presidential vs Parlimentary

   

How Federalism Arises

✏ By “coming together”✏ United States, Switzerland, Australia

✏ By “splitting and holding together”✏ India, Belgium, Canada, Spain

Page 28: Unitary vs Federal Presidential vs Parlimentary

   

What holds them together?

✏ A Federal Constitution superior to state constitutions.

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Criteria for Division

✏ Culture and language✏ Geographic contiguity✏ Economic viability

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Form of federal government

✏ Either parliamentary or presidential✏ Either unicameral or bicameral

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How Divide Nation into States?

✏ 3: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao✏ 5: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, Bangsa Moro, Cordilleras✏ 7:  South Luzon, Central Luzon, North Luzon, Visayas, North Mindanao, 

South Mindanao✏ 12:  The existing Administrative Regions

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Supposed Benefits of Federalism

✏ Empowerment of local communities✏ Motivating local communities✏ Accountability of local officials✏ Hastening of development

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When Will it Come, Or Will it Come?

✏ ? ? ? ? ?

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How Change Happens:  The 1987 Text

✏ Section 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:

✏ (1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or

✏ (2) A constitutional convention.✏ Sec.  2.    Amendments  to  this  Constitution  may 

likewise  be  directly  proposed  by  the  people through initiative and referendum . .

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Constitutional Convention

✏ How formed:  Congress calls it by a vote of 2/3 of all its Members.✏ Members of Con Con are elected✏ They propose eithr amendmens or revision✏ What was it like in 1971?✏ Will we have a Constitutional Convention?

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Congress as Constituent Assembly

✏ May propose amendment or revision by a vote of 3/4 of all its members

✏ Do the two Hose vote jointly or separately?✏ What are the chances that this can happen?

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Intitiative and Referendum: Two Steps

✏ A power for the people, not government✏ Initiative: (1) formulation of the proposed amendment and (2) gathering of 

signatures✏ Number of signatures needed: 3% of registered voters in a district and 12% 

nationwide.✏ Only amendments, and not revision, may be proposed.

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Obstacles to Initiative and Referendum

✏ No enabling law.  (Santiago v Comelec)✏ May propose only amendments and not revision.

✏ Switching to parliamentary system from presidential system is a revision.

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Moral Issues in Current Signature Campaign

✏ Initiative belongs to the people, not to government.✏ Lack of information on what is being offered.✏ Parliamentary system is being touted as panacea for our ills, but no 

indication of how.✏ Who will really benefit from the change?

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When Changes Take Effect

✏ When ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite called for the purpose

✏ The strange case of the 1973 Constitution✏ A product of fait accomplie