The UNECE Gender database and WebsiteLooking at employment from a gender perspective
Angela Me
UNECE Statistical Division
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Understanding the Labour Markets – Example UK
Chart15
71
79
Women
Men
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 6-7
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
Percentage of women
Percentage of men
Slide 16
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019B0F4.bin
MBD0019E8C5.bin
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Understanding the Labour Markets – Example UK
However, if data are further disaggregated, and the gender dimension is further analyzed, the data reveal a different situation. For women and men who do not have dependent children, there is no difference at all across the two sexes. For the population group with dependent children, the difference between employment for women and men increases to 22%. The percentage of women who are employed drops to 68% and the percentage of men employed rises to 90%.
Chart13
73
68
71
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
Percentage of women
Percentage of men
Slide 16
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019E8C5.bin
MBD0019B0F4.bin
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Women are more likely
when they have children,
and remain out of the market
to take care of their offspring.
The age of dependent children produces an even higher difference between women and men. Women with at least one dependent child less than 5 years old have an employment rate of 55%, while men in the same circumstances have a rate of 91%--almost double that of women. The age of the youngest child greatly affect the employment rate of the mothers, which varies from 55% for women with smaller children to 79% for women with the youngest child 16-19 years old. For men, the age of children has no impact on their employment rate, which is around 90% regardless of the age of the children. This suggests that women are more likely than men to leave employment when they have children, and remain unemployed to take care of their offspring.
Chart14
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
56
71
77
79
73
68
71
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
Percentage of women
Percentage of men
Slide 16
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019E8C5.bin
MBD0019B0F4.bin
Understanding
Example Germany
But even when women participate in the labor force, the way how they participate can be different from men. For example, in Germany in 2004 over half of the employed women with children worked part time, while only 5% of employed men with children did so. The proportion of men working part-time is independent by the number of children, while the proportion of women working part-time increases with the number of children they have.
Chart6
with 2 children
with 2 children
with 1 child
with 1 child
Fathers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
81.449044586
3.2643312102
87.6387638764
3.0303030303
82.7151602449
4.1051494418
Middle Managers Norway
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 6-7
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide 8
Slide 9 graph1-2
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 Graph3-4
Zahl der Kinder 1)
1,408
684
661
172
489
23
1,385
in 1 000
1,273
1,080
1,064
1,023
41
17
Women
Men
12.4
35.3
81.4
3.3
Slide 9 Graph3-4
Mothers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
Slide 15
Fathers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
Slide 16
Sheet 18
0
0
Women
Men
Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
75
25
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
Public sector
Private sector
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Slide 20-1
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Slide 20-2
Data by country and sex
Male
Female
Blank
Total
Bulgaria
65
62
100
64
64
New registrations in scope that actually started from 1998 (B4B4 survey)
Czech Republic
Estonia
70
77
69
73
69
Hungary
75
73
58
74
74
Latvia
71
76
80
73
73
Lithuania
62
63
74
63
66
Poland
60
62
75
61
61
Romania
62
61
74
62
62
Male
Female
Blank
Total
% male
% female
Unknown
Slovakia
75
75
67
75
75
Bulgaria
42,850
20,671
1,440
64,961
0.6596265452
0.3182063084
0.0221671464
Slovenia
83
82
90
82
84
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Male
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
% male
% female
Unknown
Percentage of new business that started their activitites in 1998 owned by women, and men
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Men
2.32
2.51
5.59
5.11
4.34
2.3
Taking care of children under age of 12, living in family
16.37
10.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
hours per week
Usage of time budget by type of activity and sex in Kazakhstan, 2003
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Share of women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
Women and men as members of national parliaments - lower or single house
Women
Men
women
men
Sweden
45.3
54.7
Sweden
158
191
Denmark
36.9
63.1
Denmark
66
113
Netherlands
36.7
63.3
Netherlands
55
95
Spain
36.0
64.0
Spain
126
224
Austria
33.9
66.1
Austria
62
121
Germany
31.8
68.2
Germany
195
419
Poland
20.4
79.6
Poland
94
366
%
Share of women and men members of national parliaments selected countries, 31 July 2006
Women
Men
Legislators
20.5
79.5
35.1
64.9
28.1
71.9
30
70
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Chart7
with 2 children
with 2 children
with 1 child
with 1 child
Mothers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
12.4187725632
35.3068592058
18.1842672414
44.9353448276
25.8809936453
37.8105141537
Middle Managers Norway
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 6-7
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide 8
Slide 9 graph1-2
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 Graph3-4
Zahl der Kinder 1)
1,408
684
661
172
489
23
1,385
in 1 000
1,273
1,080
1,064
1,023
41
17
Women
Men
12.4
35.3
81.4
3.3
Slide 9 Graph3-4
Mothers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
Slide 15
Fathers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
Slide 16
Sheet 18
0
0
Women
Men
Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
75
25
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
Public sector
Private sector
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Slide 20-1
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Slide 20-2
Data by country and sex
Male
Female
Blank
Total
Bulgaria
65
62
100
64
64
New registrations in scope that actually started from 1998 (B4B4 survey)
Czech Republic
Estonia
70
77
69
73
69
Hungary
75
73
58
74
74
Latvia
71
76
80
73
73
Lithuania
62
63
74
63
66
Poland
60
62
75
61
61
Romania
62
61
74
62
62
Male
Female
Blank
Total
% male
% female
Unknown
Slovakia
75
75
67
75
75
Bulgaria
42,850
20,671
1,440
64,961
0.6596265452
0.3182063084
0.0221671464
Slovenia
83
82
90
82
84
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Male
Female
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
% male
% female
Unknown
Percentage of new business that started their activitites in 1998 owned by women, and men
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Men
2.32
2.51
5.59
5.11
4.34
2.3
Taking care of children under age of 12, living in family
16.37
10.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
hours per week
Usage of time budget by type of activity and sex in Kazakhstan, 2003
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Share of women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
Women and men as members of national parliaments - lower or single house
Women
Men
women
men
Sweden
45.3
54.7
Sweden
158
191
Denmark
36.9
63.1
Denmark
66
113
Netherlands
36.7
63.3
Netherlands
55
95
Spain
36.0
64.0
Spain
126
224
Austria
33.9
66.1
Austria
62
121
Germany
31.8
68.2
Germany
195
419
Poland
20.4
79.6
Poland
94
366
%
Share of women and men members of national parliaments selected countries, 31 July 2006
Women
Men
Legislators
20.5
79.5
35.1
64.9
28.1
71.9
30
70
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division
Source: A pilot project on the demography of small and medium sized enterprises (DOSME) for Central European countries (CECs)
Source: A pilot project on the demography of small and medium sized enterprises (DOSME) for Central European countries (CECs)
This graph shows an example of using business statistics to study the impact of the sex of the entrepreneur in the three year survival rate of new businesses.
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Slide *
Three-Year Survival Rate of New Businesses from 1998, by Sex of Entrepreneur (%)
Chart16
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
Percentage of women
Percentage of men
Slide 15
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 16
Slide 20
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Percentage survival rate ((SV/LI)*100) from 1998 (B4B4 survey)
Data by country and sex
Male
Female
Blank
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019E8C5.bin
MBD0019B0F4.bin
What does “informal” mean?
The ‘informal economy’ refers to “all economic activities by workers and economic units that are not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements”
Informal sector enterprises:
Unincorporated enterprises: enterprises owned by individuals or households that are not constituted as separated legal entities independently of their owners, and for which no complete accounts are available that would permit a financial separation of the production activities of the enterprise from the other activities of its owner
Size is below a certain threshold (five employees?)
All or at least some of the goods or services produced are meant for sale or barter. Market orientation
Defined by national circumstances
Lack of registration
Enterprises engaged in agriculture could be included but good to identified them separately from the non-agriculture enterprises
* - UNECE Statistical Division
There are two “informal” concepts that affect employment:
Employment in the informal sector
Informal employment
Employment in the informal sector
 
Informal Employment
Persons employed in the informal sector + persons employed in “informal” jobs.
Informal jobs:
not covered by existing regulations (social protection, benefits
The first criterion is based on the production unit, the second criterion on the type of job
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Informal jobs in formal enterprises and households
Informal employment
Informal Employment
Formal employment
206880
335175
873145
335175
186167
149008
Formal employment
Employed Persons by sex, status of employment and nature of job, Moldova 2003
Informal employment
Formal employment
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Informal Employment
335175
186167
149008
Formal employment
Employed Persons by sex, status of employment and nature of job, Moldova 2003
Informal employment
Formal employment
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Informal employment comprises one half to three-quarters of non-agricultural employment in developing countries.
Data disaggregated by informal and formal employment and employment status provide new information on the difference in the opportunities of women and men in the labor market:
Informal employment is generally a larger source of employment for women than formal employment
In most developing countries it is a larger source of employment for women than for men
Women are concentrated in the more precarious types of informal employment
Average earnings from these types of informal employment are low
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Formal employment
Employed Persons by sex and nature of job, Moldova 2003
97374
186167
445158
109507
149008
427987
Sheet1
335175
186167
149008
Formal employment
Employed Persons by sex and nature of job, Moldova 2003
Informal employment
Formal employment
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Informal Employment
Share of formal and informal employment by sex and industry, Moldova 2003
Chart3
335175
186167
149008
Formal employment
Employed Persons by sex, status of employment and nature of job, Moldova 2003
Informal employment
Formal employment
* - UNECE Statistical Division
tbc
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Armenia
18.1
16.6
20.0
15.8
15.8
19.5
21.6
24.0
27.7
37.4
37.7
33.8
35.3
43.6
44.7
48.5
62.3
Tajikistan
46.9
44.2
39.1
30.2
32.0
35.7
29.3
28.7
34.2
41.2
42.1
44.9
55.6
49.6
60.4
66.6
74.4
Uzbekistan
46.1
46.0
44.0
44.9
43.5
44.1
52.4
55.8
59.4
64.6
65.5
73.3
79.4
77.6
75.8
76.0
Russia
37.6
34.2
34.0
35.8
42.8
47.7
57.3
66.9
73.1
75.1
84.3
89.1
87.1
84.9
82.0
82.7
83.3
Ukraine
34.5
31.9
32.3
35.0
38.4
39.9
41.8
46.0
49.3
55.5
54.6
60.4
69.7
76.0
77.8
81.2
84.4
Moldova
45.5
39.6
43.8
43.1
44.6
50.8
63.5
67.6
73.0
80.0
72.6
70.4
83.1
83.6
87.5
91.5
102.2
Romania
58.3
64.6
62.1
73.3
82.5
87.4
94.9
98.5
98.2
101.1
104.0
105.5
115.3
120.3
116.1
114.3
105.7
Kyrgyzstan
49.5
52.1
56.4
57.2
53.7
58.7
71.6
85.9
110.5
121.0
131.8
108.3
127.3
126.5
122.4
113.2
113.3
Kazakhstan
74.1
67.2
66.0
66.4
63.6
61.9
70.1
87.0
93.9
122.8
141.0
153.1
155.4
164.7
160.4
154.3
147.2
Georgia
27.8
27.7
27.5
22.9
22.8
58.7
67.9
119.8
119.7
99.6
101.4
96.8
86.7
96.9
92.8
89.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Source: UNECE Gender Database
49.1
131.2
112.9
184
301
223
Azerbaijan
7838
8234
8392
4
Albania
54.0
112.2
101.5
55
32
54
Belarus
10117
9874
9775
5
Georgia
53.4
52.2
71.1
862
540
546
1997
2027
2037
13
Uzbekistan
5.9
7.5
6.5
7
165
464
Turkey
64883
71252
73193
14
Turkey
0.1
2.3
6.3
12
27
28
Turkmenistan
4334
4698
4833
15
Turkmenistan
2.8
5.7
5.8
268
323
410
Ukraine
50187
47633
46925
16
Belarus
5.4
3.2
5.5
140
195
172
Uzbekistan
23688
25828
26593
Water connection
Proportion of population whose homes are connected to water supply system
2002
2002
Rural
Urban
Total
Moldova
9
78
68
Romania
13
79
85
Azerbaijan
19
76
47
Belarus
22
78
61
Tajikistan
26
82
82
Kazakhstan
27
88
58
Kyrgyzstan
28
87
61
Turkmenistan
29
81
48
Georgia
30
83
41
Turkey
30
64
49
Uzbekistan
33
85
81
Albania
46
96
82
Ukraine
49
93
40
Proportion of population living in dwellings with piped water, 2002
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Average difference between men and women earnings
Average difference of what men and women take out of employment in monetary terms
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
(average men earnings – average women earnings)/average men earnings
It is not the % of women earnings compared with men earnings (IT IS A GAP)
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Yearly?
Monthly?
Hourly?
Only waged-employment?
Include self-employment?
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
What is that we are trying to measure?
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Discrimination in employment?
Segregation in the labour market?
No, Gender Pay Gap is a simple general aggregated measure of different participation in employment
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
What is that we are trying to measure?
GPG is like life expectancy, it is an outcome indicator and does not explain why the difference exist
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
What is that we are trying to measure?
Some people criticize GPG because they say that “the difference in earnings does not reveal a discrimination, GPS is due to the fact that women work less hours than men”
GPG does not measure discrimination, it only reveals that there is a different out-take between women and men in employment
other studies related for example to segregation, participation, and discrimination can explain this difference
GPG does not measure if women and men have the same earnings for the same job
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
There are attempts to “adjust” GPG to better measure discrimination
taking the average difference by occupation for example
this reduces the GPG, but an “adjusted” GPG will never measure only discrimination
Gender Pay Gap
* - UNECE Statistical Division
What is that we are trying to measure?
GPG based on hourly earnings eliminates the effect of part-time jobs for example
Is this useful?
Vertical Segregation
Inequality
Understanding the Labour Markets – Example Norway, 2004
Graph 1: Percentage of women and men among managers
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sectors
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the public and private sectors
Women Men
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Another example on how the gender perspective can improve the understanding of labour markets is given by the data collected in Norway from 2004 to 2005.
In Norway, there was a balanced participation of women and men in the labour force: women made up 47% of the workforce. However, only 29% of women were managers – in the case of middle managers, 32% were women, but for executive managers the figure was 23%.
The public sector is dominated by women – 2 out of 3 public employees are women.
On the surface the public sector appears more “woman–friendly” than the private sector. The percentage of women managers in the public sector is 44% compared with 25 % in the private sector. However, this is due only to the larger number of women engaged in the public sector.
A closer look at the percentage of managers among women reveals that a woman is twice as likely to become a manager once she is in the private sector: 6% of women employees in the private sector are managers, in contrast with the 3% in the public sector.
Chart9
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
Percentage of women
Percentage of men
Slide 16
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019B0F4.bin
MBD0019E8C5.bin
Chart9
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
women
men
66
34
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Public sector
Private sector
Private sector
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
56
44
75
25
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
Total
Total
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
4.2
95.8
10.5
89.5
0.9
99.1
6.2
93.8
7.4
92.6
1.3
98.7
8.4
91.6
1.4
98.6
9.7
90.3
9
91
5.9
94.1
MBD0019B0F4.bin
MBD0019E8C5.bin
Chart9
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
women
men
44
56
25
75
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019E8C5.bin
MBD0019B0F4.bin
Chart9
public
public
private
private
women
3
6
Employment rates: by age of youngest dependent child,1 2005,2 UK
United Kingdom
Men
Women
90
68
All
79
71
1 The proportion of the population of working-age men (aged 16-64) and women (aged 16-59) who are in employment and have children under 16 or children aged 16 to 18 who are in full-time education.
2 Data are at spring and are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Labour Force Survey, spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK
Slide 6-7
Parental status
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental status, 2005
Slide9 graph4
Slide 9 graph1
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
Slide 9 graph3
Middle managers as a whole and broken down by industry. Absolute figures and per cent, 2002
   In total
13 000
8 000
5 000
16 000
6 000
10 000
19 000
10 000
9 000
Source: Women in Managerial Positions, 2002, Statistics Norway
Percentage of women and men middle managers in Norway by industry, 2002
Slide 9 Graph2
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
Population aged 16-74 (LFS), by labour force status, sex, age, time and
contents
contents
2
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
As from January 2006 the LFS was revised. To improve the
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
comparability for the figures between 1st quarter 2006 and 1st
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
quarter 2005, figures for 1st quarter 2006 are published according to
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
both the revised and the unrevised LFS regarding to the main changes,
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
i.e. the changes concerning age limit, the definition of age and the
classification of persons on lay-off.
classification of persons on lay-off.
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
As from 2006 the age limit to participate in the LFS was lowered from
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
16 to 15 years. At the same time the definition of age was changed
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the
time of the reference week.
time of the reference week.
women
public
3
private
6
Women
Men
66
34
Slide 16
0
0
Women
Men
Graph 2: Percentage of women and men among persons employed in the public sector
Slide 20
Source: Women and Man in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
Public sector
Private sector
3
6
Percentage opf women and men among managers by public and private sector
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Graph 4: Percentage of female employees in managerial positions in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Source: Women and Men in Norway, Statistics Norway, 2006
Gender distributions of managers in the private and public sectors, Norway, 2004
0
0
0
0
Men
Women
Graph 3: Percentage of women and men among managers in the public and private sector
Computer and Internet users by age groups in Macedonia, 2004
15-24
25-54
55-74
Women
Man
Women
Man
Women
Man
x§
Women
Men
Austria
4.2
95.8
Finland
10.5
89.5
Germany
0.9
99.1
Greece
6.2
93.8
Ireland
7.4
92.6
Italy
1.3
98.7
Luxemburg
8.4
91.6
Spain
1.4
98.6
sweden
9.7
90.3
9
91
Total
5.9
94.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Women
Men
Source: report prepared by ISTAT presented at the Council of the European Union (2003)
Women and men chiefs of executive boards of the 50 tops firms publicy quoted on the national stock exchange, 2003
MBD0019E8C5.bin
MBD0019B0F4.bin
What indicators can measure the reconciliation between family and work?
Employment by number of children
Employment by age of youngest child
Part-time job by number of children
Relatively easy to accommodate in National Statistical Systems (NSS)
What indicators can analyze SME from a gender perspective?
Definition of entrepreneur
Motivations to start a business by sex of founder
Success of business by sex of founder
……………
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Informal employment, persons working in informal sector?
Persons in informal employment by sex, industry, status in employment, …….
More efforts needed from the NSS
What gender pay gap is relevant?
Hourly, monthly, annually?
* - UNECE Statistical Division
What sort of vertical segregation is important to study?
Percentage of managers to the total employed persons by sex, percentage of male and female among managers?
Self-employed excluding agriculture?
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Slide *
A gender analysis of the labour market provides a better understanding of the labour market itself
* - UNECE Statistical Division
Employment rates of men and women in the UK, 2005
71
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women
Men
73
68
71
73
90
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Parental status
Women
Men
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental
status, 2005
children
73
68
71
73
90
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Parental status
Women
Men
Employment rates in the UK by age of youngest child and parental
status, 2005
children
Fathers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
81.4
87.6
82.7
3.3
3.0
4.1
020406080100
Fulltime
Mothers by number of children and employment in Germany, 2005
12.4
18.2
25.9
35.3
44.9
37.8
020406080100
Full time
Part time
Percentage of new business that started their activitites in 1998
owned by women, and men
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bulgaria
206880
335175
873145
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
TOTAL
Informal
employment
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
Employees
Self-employed
Employed Persons by sex and nature of job, Moldova 2003
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
FEMALEMALE
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemale