UNITED STATES UNITED STATES DOMESTIC POLICIESDOMESTIC POLICIES

(1945-2000)(1945-2000)

Unit VIIBUnit VIIB

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

Compare and contrast the administrations of Compare and contrast the administrations of Democratic presidents and Republican Democratic presidents and Republican presidents regarding political and presidents regarding political and economical policies.economical policies.

Harry Truman (D) (1945-1953)Harry Truman (D) (1945-1953) Postwar Economic IssuesPostwar Economic Issues

To avoid unemployment, eliminated price To avoid unemployment, eliminated price controls leading to inflation and strikescontrols leading to inflation and strikes

Employment Act of 1946Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers

Mid-Term Election of 1946Mid-Term Election of 1946 Led to Republican majorities in CongressLed to Republican majorities in Congress ““Do Nothing Congress”Do Nothing Congress”

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Prohibited closed shops, political Prohibited closed shops, political

contributions, sympathy strikescontributions, sympathy strikes Presidential Succession Act of 1947Presidential Succession Act of 1947 22nd Amendment (1951)22nd Amendment (1951)

Two-term limits for PresidentTwo-term limits for President Civil RightsCivil Rights

Committee on Civil Rights (1946)Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Executive Order 9981 (1948)Executive Order 9981 (1948)

Desegregated the federal government and Desegregated the federal government and militarymilitary

Election of 1948Election of 1948 DemocratsDemocrats

Harry TrumanHarry Truman Progressive PartyProgressive Party

Henry WallaceHenry Wallace States’ Rights States’ Rights

Party (Dixiecrats)Party (Dixiecrats) Strom Strom

ThurmondThurmond RepublicansRepublicans

Thomas DeweyThomas Dewey

Truman’s Truman’s Fair DealFair Deal A continuation of New Deal-A continuation of New Deal-

style social welfare programsstyle social welfare programs Successful Policies:Successful Policies:

Expansion of Social SecurityExpansion of Social Security Increased minimum wage 40 Increased minimum wage 40

cents to 75 centscents to 75 cents Housing Act of 1949Housing Act of 1949

Urban projects and public Urban projects and public housinghousing

Failures:Failures: Prevention by Republican and Prevention by Republican and

Southern Democrat coalitionSouthern Democrat coalition National healthcare insuranceNational healthcare insurance Limited civil rights legislationLimited civil rights legislation

Election of 1952Election of 1952 RepublicansRepublicans

Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower

I Like IkeI Like Ike Richard Nixon Richard Nixon

as VPas VP Checkers spe

ech

DemocratsDemocrats Adlai Adlai

StevensonStevenson

Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)Modern RepublicanismModern Republicanism

Philosophy of Dynamic ConservatismPhilosophy of Dynamic Conservatism Balanced budgetsBalanced budgets Federal support for businessFederal support for business Reduce federal powers and influence to Reduce federal powers and influence to

states/localsstates/locals Progressive republicansProgressive republicans EffectsEffects

Increased appropriations to DefenseIncreased appropriations to Defense AutomationAutomation Middle Class expansionMiddle Class expansion Per-capita increases, low inflation, rising Per-capita increases, low inflation, rising

GDPGDP Major PoliciesMajor Policies

Soil-Bank Program (1956)Soil-Bank Program (1956) Interstate Highway System (1956)Interstate Highway System (1956) National Defense Education Act (1958)National Defense Education Act (1958) Department of Health, Education, and Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare (1953)Welfare (1953) Civil Rights EventsCivil Rights Events

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education (1954) (1954) Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus

Boycott (1955-1956)Boycott (1955-1956) Little Rock Nine (1957)Little Rock Nine (1957)

Interstate Highway SystemInterstate Highway System

Election of 1956Election of 1956 Republicans

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Democrats Adlai Stevenson

Television Became the

dominant medium Housewife

commercials

Election of 1960Election of 1960 Republicans

Richard Nixon Democrats

John F. Kennedy Massachusetts Catholic Balanced ticket with

Lyndon Johnson (D-TX)

Debates Radio - Nixon Television - Kennedy

John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) New FrontierNew Frontier

Fiscal conservatismFiscal conservatism Expansion of social welfareExpansion of social welfare Clean Air Act (1963)Clean Air Act (1963) Attorney General Robert Attorney General Robert

Kennedy and Civil RightsKennedy and Civil Rights

““Ask not what your country Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.”can do for your country.”

23rd Amendment (1961)23rd Amendment (1961) Electoral votes for D.C.Electoral votes for D.C.

Kennedy’s AssassinationKennedy’s Assassination Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 Warren CommissionWarren Commission

Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassinHarvey Oswald as lone assassin

Conspiracy theories led to doubt of Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal governmentfederal government

Lyndon B. Johnson assumes officeLyndon B. Johnson assumes office

JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas

LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One

Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby

Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

Great Society Civil Rights Era 24th Amendment (1964)

Poll taxes unconstitutional

25th Amendment (1967) Presidential succession

Vietnam

Election of 1964Election of 1964 Democrats

Lyndon B. Johnson

Daisy Ad

Republicans Barry Goldwater Criticized welfare

state policies

Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Great SocietyGreat Society

War on PovertyWar on Poverty Office of Economic OpportunityOffice of Economic Opportunity Food StampsFood Stamps Community ActionCommunity Action Job CorpsJob Corps

Civil Rights LegislationCivil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

ImmigrationImmigration Immigration Act of 1965Immigration Act of 1965

HousingHousing Department of Housing and Urban Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD)Development (HUD) EducationEducation

Elementary and Secondary Elementary and Secondary Education ActEducation Act

Head StartHead Start Health CareHealth Care

MedicareMedicare Health services for elderlyHealth services for elderly

MedicaidMedicaid Health services for low-income Health services for low-income

familiesfamilies

Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation National Traffic and Motor Vehicle National Traffic and Motor Vehicle

Safety ActSafety Act Safety belts, redesigns for Safety belts, redesigns for

protection, drunk driversprotection, drunk drivers Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection

Wilderness ActWilderness Act Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act

Cultural PromotionCultural Promotion National Historic PreservationNational Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts

AND the HumanitiesAND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and Public broadcasting (PBS) and

public radio (NPR)public radio (NPR) Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection

Fair Packaging and Labeling ActFair Packaging and Labeling Act Fiscal PoliciesFiscal Policies

$10 Billion Tax Cuts$10 Billion Tax Cuts Consumer spending rose 45%Consumer spending rose 45%

The Warren Court (1953-1969) Equality

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Criminal Justice Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

First Amendment Engel v. Vitale (1962) Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Privacy Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Election of 1968Election of 1968 Democrats

Lyndon Johnson rescinded nomination due to Vietnam

Robert Kennedy assassination

National Convention Riots in Chicago

Hubert Humphrey

Republicans Richard Nixon

Peace and Honor Law and Order

American Independent George Wallace

Richard Nixon (R) (1969-1974)Richard Nixon (R) (1969-1974) Political PolicyPolitical Policy

Silent MajoritySilent Majority WWII veterans, Midwest, South, blue collar, suburbia, WWII veterans, Midwest, South, blue collar, suburbia,

rural Americarural America Southern StrategySouthern Strategy

Appeal to conservative Solid SouthAppeal to conservative Solid South Busing and DesegregationBusing and Desegregation

New Federalism/Competitive FederalismNew Federalism/Competitive Federalism Revenue sharing and block grantsRevenue sharing and block grants

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) War on DrugsWar on Drugs

EconomyEconomy 1973 Oil Crisis and Stagflation1973 Oil Crisis and Stagflation ““I am now a Keynesian in economics.”I am now a Keynesian in economics.”

Spending cuts to deficit spendingSpending cuts to deficit spending 90-day price and wage controls90-day price and wage controls Devalued dollar off gold standardDevalued dollar off gold standard

ConservationConservation Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air Act of 1970Clean Air Act of 1970

26th Amendment (1971)26th Amendment (1971) Right to vote at 18 years oldRight to vote at 18 years old

Election of 1972Election of 1972 Republicans

Richard Nixon

Democrats George

McGovern

WatergateWatergate Committee to Re-Elect the Committee to Re-Elect the

President (CREEP)President (CREEP) G. Gordon LiddyG. Gordon Liddy Break-In at Democratic National Break-In at Democratic National

Headquarters at Watergate Hotel Headquarters at Watergate Hotel (June 1972)(June 1972)

Bob Woodward and Carl Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein - Washington PostBernstein - Washington Post Deepthroat - Mark FeltDeepthroat - Mark Felt

Saturday Night Massacre Saturday Night Massacre (October 20, 1973)(October 20, 1973) Special Prosecutor Archibald CoxSpecial Prosecutor Archibald Cox ““I’m not a crook.”I’m not a crook.”

Nixon TapesNixon Tapes United States v. Nixon United States v. Nixon (1974)(1974)

Resignation (August 9, 1974)Resignation (August 9, 1974) In lieu of impeachment articlesIn lieu of impeachment articles

Gerald Ford (R) (1974-1977)Gerald Ford (R) (1974-1977) Assumed office after Nixon’s Assumed office after Nixon’s

resignationresignation Pardons Nixon to end Pardons Nixon to end

“national nightmare”“national nightmare”

EconomyEconomy StagflationStagflation WIN (Whip Inflation WIN (Whip Inflation

Now)Now) Inflation soared despite call Inflation soared despite call

for voluntarism by for voluntarism by businesses and consumersbusinesses and consumers

Necessitated stimulus plan Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional from Congressional DemocratsDemocrats

Election of 1976Election of 1976 Republicans

Gerald Ford Ronald

Reagan had threatened nomination

Democrats Jimmy Carter

Washington outsider

Georgia governor

Jimmy Carter (D) (1977-1981)Jimmy Carter (D) (1977-1981) Amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgersAmnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers EconomyEconomy

1979 Energy Crisis1979 Energy Crisis Iranian RevolutionIranian Revolution Three Mile Island (1979)Three Mile Island (1979) Stagflation continuedStagflation continued

““Malaise Speech”Malaise Speech” Crisis of ConfidenceCrisis of Confidence Dependency on oil and non-Dependency on oil and non-

renewable fuels will affect the futurerenewable fuels will affect the future

Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Federal Reserve Chairman Paul VolckerVolcker

Raised interest rates to highest Raised interest rates to highest levelslevels

Resulted in higher inflation and Resulted in higher inflation and lower GDP in the short-runlower GDP in the short-run

In the long-run, the economy In the long-run, the economy recovered but after Carter’s recovered but after Carter’s administrationadministration

Conservative ResurgenceConservative Resurgence Reaction to counterculture and Reaction to counterculture and

liberalism of 1960s and 1970sliberalism of 1960s and 1970s PersonalitiesPersonalities

William F. BuckleyWilliam F. Buckley Barry GoldwaterBarry Goldwater Milton FriedmanMilton Friedman Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

DemographicsDemographics Blue-collar workersBlue-collar workers YuppiesYuppies and Corporates and Corporates FundamentalistsFundamentalists Rural, suburbs/commuter townsRural, suburbs/commuter towns Southern Democrats shifted RepublicanSouthern Democrats shifted Republican Midwest more solidly RepublicanMidwest more solidly Republican

Moral MajorityMoral Majority and Televangelists and Televangelists Jerry FalwellJerry Falwell Pat RobertsonPat Robertson

Election of 1980Election of 1980

Democrats Jimmy Carter

Republicans Ronald Reagan

Campaign Debate

“There you go again.”

“Are you better now than you were four years ago?”

Ronald Reagan (R) (1981-1989)Ronald Reagan (R) (1981-1989)Reagan RevolutionReagan Revolution

““Reaganomics” - Supply-Side EconomicsReaganomics” - Supply-Side Economics Tax CutsTax Cuts

Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981)Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981) Tax Reform Act of 1986Tax Reform Act of 1986

Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programsprograms

Massive military expendituresMassive military expenditures Deregulation - New FederalismDeregulation - New Federalism

Limited regulation of businessesLimited regulation of businesses Opened up federal conservation lands for Opened up federal conservation lands for

resources and developmentresources and development

PATCO Strike (1981)PATCO Strike (1981) Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

Election of 1984Election of 1984 Republicans

Ronald Reagan Democrats

Walter Mondale Nominated

Geraldine Ferraro as VP

Rainbow Coalition

Campaign Morning in

America

Reagan’s ImpactReagan’s Impact The Economy Under ReaganomicsThe Economy Under Reaganomics

Tripled national debtTripled national debt $900 billion to $2.7 trillion$900 billion to $2.7 trillion

Trade deficits and debtor statusTrade deficits and debtor status InflationInflation

12.5%(1980) to 4.4% (1988)12.5%(1980) to 4.4% (1988) UnemploymentUnemployment

7.5% (1980) to 5.4% (1988)7.5% (1980) to 5.4% (1988) Socioeconomic gap widenedSocioeconomic gap widened Welfare programs cutWelfare programs cut

Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987)Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987) Stock prices fell 508 points - largest in historyStock prices fell 508 points - largest in history

Savings and Loan CrisisSavings and Loan Crisis Conservative Supreme Court NominationsConservative Supreme Court Nominations

Sandra Day O’Connor - first female JusticeSandra Day O’Connor - first female Justice Antonin ScaliaAntonin Scalia Anthony KennedyAnthony Kennedy

War on DrugsWar on Drugs Just Say No - Nancy ReaganJust Say No - Nancy Reagan

The Burger Court (1969-1986) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) New York Times v. United

States (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) Miller v. California (1973) United States v. Nixon

(1974) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Gregg v. Georgia (1976) Regents of UC v. Bakke

(1978) Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

Election of 1988 Democrats

Michael Dukakis

Republicans George H.W.

Bush

Campaign “Read my lips. No

new taxes.” Dukakis in the

Tank Willie Horton ad

George H.W. Bush (R) (1989-1993)George H.W. Bush (R) (1989-1993)

American with American with Disabilities Act (1990)Disabilities Act (1990)

Recession (1990-1991)Recession (1990-1991) Savings and Loan CrisisSavings and Loan Crisis

27th Amendment (1992)27th Amendment (1992) Persian Gulf War (1991)Persian Gulf War (1991)

Highest popularity due to Highest popularity due to swift victoryswift victory

Election of 1992 Democrats

Bill Clinton

Republicans George H.W. Bush

Reform Party H. Ross Perot

Bill Clinton (D) (1993-2001)

North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994)

Republican Revolution (1994) Contract with America Newt Gingrich

Welfare Reform Act (1996) Lewinski Scandal

Impeachment

Election of 1996 Democrats

Bill Clinton

Republicans Bob Dole

Reform Party H. Ross Perot

Election of 2000 Democrats

Al Gore

Republicans George W.

Bush

Green Party Ralph Nader

Bush v. Gore (2000)