UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY … · hazard class, i.e., flammable liquid, corrosive, oxidizer. With the drums segregated into the different hazard classes, bench-scale

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYREGION III

641 Chestnut BuildingPhiladelphia. Pennsylvania 19107

Request for Removal Action FundingSUBJECT: Strawberry Alley/Bahn Warehouse Site, DATE-

Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County. Pennsylvania?' TIL' * 2 i';:j

FROM: Edwin B. Erickson _Regional Administrator (3RAOO)

TO: Donald R. Clay, Assistant AdministratorOffice of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OS-100)

THRU: Henry L. Longest, II, DirectorOffice of Emergency and Remedial Response (OS-200)

ATTN: Hans Crump-Wiesner, Acting Director. Emergency Response Division (OS-210)

The attached CERCLA Funding Request addresses thethreat posed by the Strawberry Alley/Bahn Warehouse Site locatedin Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.

Immediate response actions are necessary to address thethreat posed to public health and the environment due to thepresence of numerous drums of hazardous materials and hazardouswaste currently stored in this warehouse. The presence ofthese drums poses a severe threat of fire and explosion andsignificant endangerment to the surrounding populations and theenvironment.

Pursuant to Delegation of Authority 14-1-A (9/13/87) andSection 104 (c) of the Superfund Amendments and ReauthorizationAct (SARA) of 1986 which approves CERCLA Removal Actions up totwelve months and two million dollars for completion, I haveapproved the use of CERCLA funds in the amount of $342,650 tomitigate the threat to public health and the environmentpresented by this site.

Attachment

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYREGION III

841 Chestnut BuildingPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19107

SUBJECT: Funding Request for Removal Action at DATE*the Strawberry Alley/Bahn Warehouse Site, 'Hechanicsburg, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.

FROM:Jack Ovens, On-Scene Coordinator (OSC)Eastern Response Section (3HW31)

TO:Edwin B. EricksonRegional Administrator (3RAOO)

THRU: Thomas C. Voltaggio, DirectoOffice of superfund (3HW02/

During a recent inspection performed at the Bahn Warehouse,in accordance with the national Contingency Plan [Section 300.65(a) ], I have determined that the materials within the warehousepose a significant threat to public health or welfare or theenvironment due to the threat of release, fire or explosion.

The Bahn Warehouse meets the criteria for initiating aremoval action under Section 300.65 (b)(1) and (b)(2)(iii) and(vi) which states:

At any release, regardless of whether the site isincluded on the National Priorities List, where thelead agency determines that there is a threat topublic health or welfare or the environment, based onfactors in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, the leadagency may take any appropriate action to abate,minimize, stabilize, mitigate, or eliminate therelease or threat of release, or the threat resultingfrom that release or threat of release.

(b)(2) The following factors shall be considered indetermining the appropriateness of a removal actionpursuant to this subsection:

(iii) Hazardous substances or pollutants orcontaminants in drums, barrels, tanks or other bulkstorage containers, that may pose a threat of release

(vi) Threat of fire or explosion

AR200002

II. BACKGROUND

The Bahn Warehouse is located at 201 E. Strawberry Alley Inthe Borough of Kechanicsburg, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania(refer to site location map). The population of the Borough iscurrently estimated to be about 10,000 people within a one-or-twomile radius of the site. At least one residence is located withintwenty feet of the site. There are also numerous schools, churchesand public buildings located in close proximity to the warehouse.Approximately 7,500 square feet of the 17,500 square foot buildingcontains approximately 300 drums and bags and other vessels ofvarious materials including hazardous substances and hazardouswastes*

In 1985, Robert Bahn, owner of the warehouse, madearrangements with the Mt. Vernon Trade Group to use the warehouseas a temporary storage depot for various product materials. TheMt* Vernon Trade Group is one of many names under which Jack andCharles Colbert operated a chemical trading business. The colbertBrothers were eventually convicted of fraud and are now servingsentences in Federal prison. Their mode of operation was to buyused, out-dated, off-spec and even waste chemicals, and store thesein rented warehouse space until a buyer was found* After theiroperations ceased, several of these warehouses became Superfundemergency response sites in Region III*

In the three-month period between February and April 1985,approximately 300 drums of hazardous material and hazardous wastewere delivered to the warehouse, most of which are still theretoday. Mr. Bahn has stated that he has made many attempts to getthe material removed, but he has been mostly unsuccessful. Be hasapproached a hazardous waste contractor but he said he could notafford the cost of disposal.

Regions Ill's CERCIA Removal Enforcement section (CRES) iscurrently involved in a responsible party search for generators ofthe drummed and palletized materials. On November 15, 1989, theEastern Response Section, along with Technical Assistance Team(TAT) and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources(PAOER) performed an assessment of the warehouse. The assessmentrevealed the following:

i) Numerous drums containing hazardous waste labels andhazardous material stickers, including flammable liquid,flammable solid, corrosive, oxidizer and poison B

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ii) Labels indicate that the drums containtetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methylene chloride, ammoniumthiocyanate, chlorinated Naphthalene, p-toluidine,and sodium hydroxide

iii) Drums with no lids or bung fittings; several drums hadcardboard coverings taped over them

iv) Indications of previous spillage and leaking from drums

v) Disconfiguration of drums due to excessive pressurebuilt up inside the drums

vii) Some of the drums are dented, corroded, and leaking.Some of the bags and other containers are tornand leaking. Markings on the drums indicatethat some are over ten years old.

Photographs of these observations are included in Attachment A*

Six samples were collected from six randomly selected drumsduring the assessment and analyzed by Technical TestingLaboratory in Charleston, West Virginia. The samples wereanalyzed using FT-IR Techniques (rapid field analysis designed tofacilitate identification of high-level concentrations of organiccompounds) and screened for characteristics within RCRAregulations. Table 1 has been included as a summary of theanalytical findings. PADER has been involved with monitoring andinspecting the warehouse but currently does not have the funds toaddress the removal action needed at this site. PADER requestedassistance from the EPA to mitigate the threat posed by this site.

III. THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH OR THE ENVIRONMENT

The materials stored within the warehouse on StrawberryAlley pose a significant threat of fire and explosion, andan endangeraent to the surrounding populations. Althoughair monitoring conducted during the initial assessment did notreveal an explosive atmosphere within the warehouse, evidence ofleakage indicates that such conditions may have existed. Thephotos show areas within the warehouse where drums have leaked inthe past, or have been under enough pressure to cause them to bulgedue, in part, to the length of tine they have been stored in thewarehouse. The drums are deteriorating and

their integrity is questionable. One drum leaking a flammablematerial in the warehouse could create an explosive atmosphere.Such material, in contact with an incompatible material or ignitedby a spark, could create an explosion. At present, the contentsof most of the drums is unknown; however, the random sampling hasindicated that Incompatible materials are stored together in thewarehouse. From a partial list of the products stored in thewarehouse, the following materials are known to be extremelydangerous:

Aluminum powder - may ignite itself if exposed to air; mayreact violently with water

Sodium nitrate - may ignite other combustible materials;reaction with fuels may be violent; firemay produce irritating or poisonous gas

Butyl alcohol - may be poisonous if inhaled or absorbedthrough the skin; fire nay produceirritating poisonous gases; container nayexplode in heat or fire

Isophorone - Flammable/combustible material. Fire nayproduce irritating or poisonous gases

. Metaxylene - Flammable/combustible material.

V. ENFORCEMENT

See attached Enforcement Confidential Section.

VI. PROPOSED ACTIONS

The Removal Action proposed for this site will bedivided into two phases. Phase 1 will consist primarily of alarge-scale assessment of the warehouse which will identifyquantities and various types of materials present. In order toaccomplish Phase 1, all of the drums and barrels will have to bestaged and numbered. Samples from each of the drums will becollected and analyzed using field screening methods to determine

RR200006

the characteristics of each substance. After the compatibility^ screening is completed, the drums will be restaged according to

hazard class, i.e., flammable liquid, corrosive, oxidizer. Withthe drums segregated into the different hazard classes, bench-scale bulk testing can be performed on the groups of samples.When the bulking scheme is completed, samples from each of thewaste streams can now be cent out for disposal analysis at acertified lab. At this point in the removal, all personnel andequipment will be demobilized and the warehouse resecured. It isestimated that the time needed to complete this portion of Phase1 will be approximately one week. (Disposal analysis may requireseveral weeks to complete, depending on the number of samples andanalytical method). Once the analytical data are received, wasteprofile sheets will be prepared and sent (along with a sample ofthe waste stream) to competitive disposal facilities for acceptanceof the waste. During this period, disposal options will beresearched, and the most cost-effective means of disposal will besought.

Phase 2 of the removal will begin after acceptance of thewaste streams have been granted by the disposal facility. Thedisposal coordinator will make arrangements with the disposalfacility as to how and when the waste streams will be transportedto the facility. Manifests and shipping records will be reviewedand signed by the OSC or EPA representative. Upon removal of allwastes from the warehouse, the site will be closed out, and theFederal OSC Report will be written.VII. SUMMARY OF COSTS

Extramural CostsExtramural Cleanup Contractor $195,00015% contingency 29.250

224,250

TAT COStfi 15,000Contracted lab analytical cervices 35.000Subtotal Extramural Costs 274,25015% Contingency (rounded to nearest $1000) 41.000

TOTAL 315,250

Intramural CostsIntramural Direct Labor (HQ, ERT, and Region) 10,000Intramural Indirect Costs 17.400

TOTAL PROJECT CEILING $342,650

VII. RECOMMENDATION

Because conditions at the Bahn Warehouse Site meet thecriteria for removal actions in the NCP, Section 300.65 (b)(2), Irecommend your approval of the proposed removal action to initiateresponse actions to mitigate the threats described herein. Thetotal Project Ceiling is $342,650 of which $315,250 is forextramural contractor costs.

Approved; <—o Cc—rsl- *——v»—_______ Date:

Disapproved:____________' _________ Date:.

Attachment

flR200007

STRAWBERRY ALLEY/BAHN WAREHOUSE SITE

MECHANICSBERG, CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PA

SITE LOCATION MAP LEMOne

VTM OTtO AND I*7J MMHCnC MOUTHOCCUMATION *T Cf NTf R V CMICT

BAHN WAREHOUSEATTACHMENT A

TABLE 1

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CASE NARRATI

ROY P. WESTONKevin Scott

FTIR Data on Samples Received on 11/16/19892806 Bahn Warehouse, Tentative Identifications

/TTL # FTIR ANALYTICAL RESULTS

J9243 2-Methoxyethanol (Methyl Cellosolve)

J9244 Isophorone

J9245 meta-Xylene

J9246 A water-based solution of a water-solublepolymer. Example: starch, casein, etc.Probably a paint thickener. ."; ••

J9247 2-Butanol

J9248 A solid metallic pigment, possibly aluminumflake. (No infrared spectrum).

Respectfully Submitted]TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA division of CT&E

es E. Ruch, M.S. Analytical Chemistry/17/1989

Enclosure: TTIR Scans

(Q————TECHNICAL TESTINC LABORATORIES

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1297.1 69.13 1279.1 63.99 1245.9 62.661149.6 86.00 1123.8 93.85 1020.6 96.48 901.4 74.40H79.8 100.03 859.4 89.83 819.9 87.32 557.1 98.54-J25.0 78.66 466.9 34.45 459.5 40.7231 pt?aks found

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TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL TESTING & ENGINEERING CO.

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT

R.F. Ueston-N.J./Scott, Kevin Laboratory Number J9243 RespectfullySubmitted:

STA. 01 11:16 Sampled by CLIENTPROJ:B806 BAHN WAREHOUSE Date Received 11/16/69

Date Sampled 11/15/69

ANALYSIS FOR REQUESTED PARAMETERSALL RESULTS ARE ON AN AS RECEIVED BASIS

ANALYZEDPARAMETER RESULT MDL UNITS METHOD DATE/TIME/ANALYST

Reactive Cyanide ND 40 MG/KG SU646 11/19/89 15:45 TS

Reactive Sulfide ND 50 HG/KB SU846 11/19/69 14:45 TS

CorrosivityCBY pH determination) 11.36 — SU SU9040 11/16/89 16:10 CMC

Ignitability Characteristic* 106 — F SW1010 11/80/89 10:30 BK

ND: Not detected at a concentration greater than or equal to the MDL - Method Detection Limit.

REF: USEPAi Method* For Chemical Analy*i* Of Water And Ua*te*| March,1983. ^>

REF: APHA,et.al.| Standard Method* For The Examination Of Water And Ua*te; 16th Ed.| 1983

REF: USEPAi T»*t Method* For Evaluating Solid Wa*te| SU-646,3rd Ed.|Nov,1966. '

O T - . . . ' . " ,..' '.. ... /'.'. 0:' -''-':'; - i . .-M!iv: . '•••*.-'. V-SS;V-

1256 GREENBRIER STREET, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25311 — TELEPHONE 304 3464725 -;... 4643 BENSON AVENUE. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21227 — TELEPHONE 301 247-7400 -. -.-'rfc;. < Of4CI Up

t

TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL TESTING ft ENGINEERING CO.


R.F. Ueston-N.J. /Scott, Kevin Laboratory Number J9244 RespectfullySubmitted i

STA. OS 10 i 47 Sampled by CLIENTBAHN WAREHOUSE Date Received 11/16/69


ANALYSIS FOR REQUESTED PARAMETERSALL RESULTS ARE ON AN AS RECEIVED BASIS •

ANALYZEDPARAMETER RESULT HDL UNITS METHOD DATE/TIME/ ANALYST

Reactive Cyanide ND 40 MO/KG SU646 11/19/89 15i45 TS

Reactive Sulfide ND 50 PIG/KG SU646 11/19/89 14t45 TS

Corrosivity<BY pH determination) 7.66 — SU SU9040 11/16/69 18ilO CMC

Ignitability Characteristics >210 — F SW1010 11/80/69 10i30 BK

NDi Not detected at * concentration greater than or equal to the HDL - Method Detection Limit.

REFs USEPA; Methods For Chemical Analysis Of Water And Wastesi March, 19S3.

REFi APKA,tt.al.| Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Waste; 16th Ed.; 1985

REFi USEPAf Test Methods For Evaluating Solid Waste) SU-646,3rd Ed.|Hov,1966. - -V.';

1256 GREENBFUER STREET. CHARLESTON. WEST VIRGINIA 2531 1— .TELEPHONE 304 34647254643 BENSON AVENUE. BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 21227 '— TELEPHONE 301 247-7400

.''CINCINNATI, OHIO AREA — TELEPHONE 613 421 872 OR 606 3444084 :*'>'• • -.••••.v. • .•7 ;:V .--"'.,v;; rV-i:*.... . Jj : : :.' j3iLJiJ ir*l t52st

TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA DIVISION OP COMMERCIAL TESTING A ENGINEERING CO.


R.F. Ueston-N.J./Scott, Kevin Laboratory Number J9245 RespectfullySubmittedi

STfl. 03 10iS5 S*mpl-ed by CLIENT -j— JL.JPROJ:2fl06 BAHN WAREHOUSE Date Received 11/16/69 /*»*pyQEj&

/ ' r-Date Sampled 11/15/69

ANALYSIS FOR REQUESTED PARAMETERS ; ;ALL RESULTS ARE ON AN AS RECEIVED BASIS

ANALYZED "'"**,.PARAMETER RESULT MDL UNITS METHOD DATE/TIME/ANALYST

Reactive Cyanide ND 40 KG/KG SU646 11/19/69 15i45 TS

Reactive Sulfide ND 50 KG/KG SU646 11/19/69 14s4S TS

Corro*ivity<BY pH determination) M — SU SU9040 11/16/69 16UO CMC

Ignitability Characteristics 66 — F SU1010 11/80/69 10«30 BK

- ' 4#&f!£;•*"««*'?!••-?-••'

C\lOC

NDi Not detected at a concentration grtater than or equal to the MDL - Method Detection Licit.

REFi USEPA) Methods For Chemical Analysis Of Uater And Uastes; March,1983.

REFi APHA,tt.al.| Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water find Wattej 16th Ed.} 1983

REFi USEPAf Test Methods For Evaluating Solid Haste* SU-64693rd Ed.|Novv1966.

* pH not applicable} organic matrix. ~ ..V -' ' • -::'--./..->r-- : ,-. ..".. •"••• -

1256 GREENBRIER STREET, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25311 — TELEPHONE 304 346-0725 r-J5r4643 BENSON AVENUE, BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 21227 — TELEPHQNMQ1 fity

DNCINNATI, OHIO AREA — TELEPHONE 613 421-3872 OR 60664 0084 ' _,,' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^''

TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA DIVISION OP COMMERCIAL TESTING A ENGINEERING CO.


R.F. Ueston-N.J./Scott, Kevin Laboratory Number J9246 RespectfullySubmittedi

STA. 04 11:01 SampVed by CLIENTPROJi£806 6AHN WAREHOUSE Date Received 11/16/69



ANALYZEDPARAMETER RESULT MDL UNITS -METHOD DATE/TIME/ANALYST

Reactive Cyanide ND 40 KG/KG SU646 11/19/69 15)45 TS

Reactive Sulfide ND 50 KG/KG SU&46 11/19/69 14s45 TS

Corrosivity<BY pH determination) 5.65 -- SU SU9040 11/16/69 16slO CMC

Ignitability Characteristic* >810 -- F SU1010 11/80/69 10s30 BK

OCMCDCDCDOJor

NDs Not detected at A concentration greater than or equal to the MDL - Method Detection Limit..-.*»«;.;. "-• •-•'•... . v -..';•-. '-., • . • '•;" •*•*.• ' .. ; >

REFi USEPA| Methods For Chemical Analy*i* Of Uater And Uasteci Hatch,1963. :

REFi APHA,et.al.f Standard Methods For The Examination Of Uater And Uastei 16th Ed.| 1965

REFs USEPA| T.tt Methods For Evaluating Solid Uastei SU-646,3rd Ed.|Hov919d6. ''"

1256 GREENBRIER STREET, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25311 — TELEPHONE 304 346-0725

TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL TESTING * ENGINEERING CO.


R.F. Weston-N.J./Scott, Kevin Laboratory Number J9247 RespectfullySubmitted:

STA. OS 11:08 Sampled by CLIENTPROJi2806 BAHN WAREHOUSE Date Received 11/16/89



ANALYZEDPARAMETER RESULT HDL UNITS METHOD DATE/TIME/ANALYST

Reactive Cyanide ND 40 RO/KG SW846 11/19/89 15s45 TS

Reactive Sulfide ND 50 HG/K6 SU846 11/19/89 14i45 TS

Corrosivity<BY pH determination) 7.67 — SU SW9040 11/16/89 18ilO CMC

Ignitability Characteristics 88 -- F SU1010 11/20/89 lOsdO BK

Cd

ooCJcc

NDi Not detected at 4 concentration greater than or equal to the MDL - Method Detection Limit.

REFi USEPA; Methods For Chemical Analysis Of Water And Vastest March, 1983.

REFi APHA,et.al.| Standard Rethods For The Examination Of Hater And Watte | 16th Ed.f 1983

REFi USEPAi Test Methods For Evaluating Solid Waste? SU-646,3rd Ed. |Nov,198£.

1256 GREENBFUER STREET, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25311 —4643 BENSON AVENUE. BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 21227 — TELEPHOBW1 47-7400

CINCINNATI, OHIO AREA — TELEPHONE 613 421-3872 OR 606 344-0084

TECHNICAL TESTING LABORATORIESA DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL TESTING * ENGINEERING CO.


R.F. Weston-N.J./Scott, Kevin Laboratory Number J9246 RespectfullySubmitted!

STA. 06 11:14 Sampled by CLIENTPROJ:2806 BAHN WAREHOUSE Date Received 11/16/89



ANALYZEDPARAMETER RESULT MDL UNITS METHOD DATE/TIME/ANALYST

Reactive Cyanide NO 50 MG/KG SW846 11/19/89 15i45 TS

Reactive Sulfide ND 40 MG/KG SW846 11/19/69 14i45 TS

CorrosivityCBY pH determination) 5.51 — SU SU904S 11/16/69 18HO CMC

Ignitability Characteristics 76 — F SW1010 11/20/89 10s30 BK

cvro

of

''• '"T •'.NDs Not detected at a concentration greater than or equal to the HDL - Method Detection Limit

••-':••*.• * ' C/-><rREFi USERA( Methods For Chemical Analysis Of Uater And Uastes; March, 1983. !*..

- • ' '" / ' • .REFs APHAtet.al.| Standard Methods For The Examination Of Uater And Wastej 16th £d.| 1985

••/•-'.

REFs USEPA; Test Methods For Evaluating Solid Uaste| SU-846,3rd Ed.|Kovf1966. • '

1256 QREENBR1ER STREET, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25311 — TELEPHONE 304 34*0725 ;•"; "5*' •.4643 BENSON AVENUE. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21227 — TELEPHONE 301 247-7400; . .- INCIISINAU OHIO AREA TELEPHCJNE^

-• "• '*'•••"*"**,, S'" •""•' •'>•'-?:' f'; ": ' "*''v.'is*'- •••'<'->" : "J. :*•;"> i'-T£****-$*v'.-.;"*":,.., •£ss*>:i"-'. •- './' •1».>Vi». '.'•• "A'-1*'.'•I'';':.*"-'

strawberry Alley/Bahn Warehouse Site Site Assessment Trip Report Page 3

PHOTO: DATE: PHOTOGRAPHER: DESCRIPTION:

11 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region 111 TAT OSC. TAT and PA DER Representatives outside the Bahn Warehouse located on Stravberrv Allev.

RR200023



11 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT — Stains on warehouse floor and on pallet indicate that materials have leaked from the drums stored in the warehouse.

flR20002U



13 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Evidence of a past spill indicated by absorbent materials remaining on the warehouse floor (center). 85 gallon overpack drum with the words "Flammable Liquid" written on the side (far left hand cornerK 85 gal, overpack drum in background with a cardboard lid taped over it next to an open 55 gal, drum with a corrosive label.

AR200025



M 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Closer look at a second salvage drum with a cardboard lid taped over the top. The words 1.1•l-Trichloroethane were also observed written on the side of the drum.

flR200026



15 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Several 30 aal. containers of Isonate 136T fBitoIuene diisocvanate) packaged, readv for shipment.

flR200027



M 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Photo of a drum that appeared to be leaking. This drum was randomly selected to be sampled and was given the designation of drum #1. (The drum was later determined to be solid and a sample from this drum was not— taken). A second drum was selected as drum #1 in which a sample was collected.

AR200028

IP



il 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Photo showing the lid of an 85 gal, overpack drum with writing on it that would indicate this drum contains waste material. The words "waste dichloromethene" can be clearly read from this photo.

flR200029



M 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Samples collected from randomly selected drum #5. The Flammable Liquid label and bulging lid can be clearly observed from this photo. Analytical results indicate that the material contained in this drum is 2-Butanal.

flR200030



19 11/15/89 Kevin Scott. Region III TAT Photo showing TAT collecting sample from 30 aal. container of Aluminum powder. Note flammable solid label on side of drum.

aR20003

Documents

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY … · hazard class, i.e., flammable liquid, corrosive, oxidizer. With the drums segregated into the different hazard classes, bench-scale