Unity and Diversity of Living Things

Survey of Taxonomy and the Three Domains of Life

SYSTEMATICS Systematics - science of naming and

grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships

Binomial nomenclature - assigning scientific names Each species is assigned a two-part

scientific name, usually in Latin, written in italics or underlined (if handwritten)

First word (genus name) is capitalized, the second word (species name) is not

Ex: polar bear = Urus maritimus Ex: red maple = Acer rubrum Ex: human = Homo sapiens

Fun Species Names

Aha ha

Fun Species Names

Abra cadabra

Fun Species Names

Gelae baen, Gelae belae,

Gelae donut, Gelae fish

Fun Species Names

Heerz lukenatcha

Fun Species Names

Pieza kake fly

Fun Species Names

(Agathidium bushi, A. cheneyi, A. rumsfeldi)

Fun Species Names

Agra vation

Fun Species Names

Caloplaca obamae

Fun Species Names

Agathidium vaderi

Fun Species Names

Aptostichus stephencolberti

Fun Species Names

Agra katewinsletae

Fun Species Names

Sylvilagus palustris hefneri

Fun Species Names

Pheidole harrisonfordi

Fun Species Names

GoldenPalace.com monkey

(Callicebus aureipalatii)

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

Domain (most inclusive) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (least inclusive)

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick

Classification of Humans

Classification Rap

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jAGOibTMuU

DOMAINS OF LIFE

3 Domains of LifeArchaea (prokaryotic)Bacteria (prokaryotic)Eukarya (eukaryotic)

PHYLOGENETIC TREE

DOMAIN BACTERIA

Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Ecologically diverse ranging from free-living

soil organisms to deadly parasites Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic),

some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic) Only one kingdom within this domain:

Kingdom Eubacteria

DOMAIN ARCHAEA Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan Live in very harsh environments Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic),

some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic) Only one kingdom within this domain:

Kingdom Archaebacteria

IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES

1) Ecological Importance: Essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world Decomposers – recycling raw materials to

the environment, essential to sewage treatment & production of purified water

Producers – cyanobacteria are among the most plentiful photosynthetic organisms in the world & many food chains are dependent upon them

Nitrogen Fixers – converting nitrogen gas into useable forms

IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES

2) Human UsesFood – yogurt, other dairy productsMedicine – making drugs for medical

treatments

IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES

3) Disease – some bacteria can cause disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasisEx: Lyme disease, Tetanus,

Tuberculosis, Strep ThroatControlled by sterilization, disinfectantsPrevented by vaccines

DOMAIN EUKARYA

All eukaryotes contain a nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles

Four kingdoms:Protista FungiPlantaeAnimalia

EUKARYA - PROTISTS

Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

Photosynthetic or heterotrophic

“Catch-all” kingdom – group of eukaryotes that did not fit into plants, animal, or fungus kingdom

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS

Autotrophic Protists – photosynthetic protists at the base of the food chain makes much of the diversity of aquatic life possible Ex: Algae

Heterotrophic Protists – some heterotrophic protists engulf and digest their food, while others live by absorbing molecules from the environment. Ex: Paramecium, amoeba

Symbiotic Protists Mutualistic – algae help health of coral

reefs, Trichonympha live in guts of termites, helping them to digest cellulose

Parasitic – can cause intestinal disease, African Sleeping Sickness, & Malaria

EUKARYA - FUNGI

Heterotrophic – feed on dead or decaying organic matter

Secrete digestive enzymes into their food source, then absorb nutrients though their cell walls

Cell walls made of chitin Unicellular (yeasts) or

multicellular (mushrooms)

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

Decomposers – many species of fungi help ecosystems maintain homeostasis by breaking down dead organisms and recycling essential elements and nutrients

Parasites – parasitic fungi can cause serious diseases in plants and animalsEx: smuts and rusts in plantsAthlete’s foot & ringworm

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

Symbiotic Fungi: Lichens – mutualistic association

between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria)

• Are often the first organisms to enter barren environments and help in early stages of soil formation

Michorrhizae – mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root

• Estimates that 80-90% of all plant species have this sort of relationship

• Fungus collects water and minerals, bringing them to the root, plant supplies the fungi with the products of photosynthesis (sugars)

EUKARYA - PLANTS

Multicellular Cell walls with cellulose Autotrophic Have chloroplasts

EUKARYA - ANIMALS

Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls Most can move