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UNIVERSAL//UNIVERSAL////ACCESS//ACCESS
Make Every Bit Count
04OUTCOME
03OVERHAUL
02FUNCTION
01CHRONICLE
01CHRONICLE
02FUNCTION
03OVERHAUL
04OUTCOME
DESIGNHenry A. Lannan [email protected] 415.645.3755
PROFESSORSTom Sieu Robin Snicer
BOOK TITLE UNIVERSAL ACCESS: Make Every Bit Count
BOOK SIZE 7.25”x8.5” 64 pages
TEXT STOCK Moab Kayenta
COVER STOCKMatte Foil /Hot Stamped Cloth
TYPEFACESOCR A STD Serifa Univers
SOFTWAREAdobe Illustrator CS3 Adobe InDesign CS3 Adobe Photoshop CS3
PRINTEREpson Stylus Photo 2200
BINDERYThe Key 5851 Ocean View Drive Oakland, CA 94618
TEXT CREDITwikipedia.com
PHOTO CREDITflickr.com oldcomputers.com
04OUTCOME
03OVERHAUL
02FUNCTION
01CHRONICLE
01CHRONICLE
02FUNCTION
03OVERHAUL
04OUTCOME
With the invention of Random Access Memory, human technology entered a much higher rate of evolution. The next stage of RAM will increase this rate.
We must not be as short sighted as our predecessors. Our planet’s resources are finite and efficient use of material will be key to making the product better.
enter
exit
01CHRONICLE
01CHRONICLE
Efficiency/DEfficiency/Data/Access/Modern/Access/Modern/
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RAM is a type of computer data storage. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order —that is, at random and with-out the physical movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head. RAM is a volatile memory.
The information or instructions stored in it will be lost if the power is switched off. The word “random” refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.
Storage/Smart/Storage/Smart/Intelligence//Intelligence//
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RAM:What are examples of electronic devices that use it?
The primary use of Random Access Memory (RAM) is for computers. There are also several portable electronic devices that use flash memory (a variation of RAM) and are also becoming more common place in our lives. When you’re using your iPod, think about convenience.
In the “old days” people had to rely on bulky portable tape players and other analog formats, like the Walkman to listen to music on the go. Thanks to developments in both RAM and portable digital music technology, we have sleek products like the iPod.
04
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Scientists from the RAND Corporation have created this model to illustrate how a “home computer” could look in the year 2004. However the needed technology won’t be economically feasible for the average home.
Drum memory, an early form of computer memory that was widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s, was invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria. For many machines, a drum formed the main working memory storage for the machine.
Data was loaded onto the drum using media such as paper tape or punch cards. Drums were so commonly used for the main working memory that the machines were often referred to as drum machines. Drums were later replaced as the main memory by core memory.
DRUM MEMORY:the beginning of modern memory technology.
04
04
04
04
16
04
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04
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17
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08
0 P
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.
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OM
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TE
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”.
1974
Modern RAM generally stores a bit of data as either a charge in a capacitor, as in dynamic RAM, or in the state of a flip -flop, as in static RAM. Many types of RAM are volatile, which means that unlike some other forms of computer storage such as disk storage and tape stor-age, they lose all data when the computer is powered down. For these reasons, nearly all PCs use disks as “secondary storage”. Small PDAs and music players (up to 8 GB in Jan 2007) may dispense with disks but rely on flash memory to maintain data between sessions of use. Software can “partition” a portion of a computer’s RAM, allowing it to act as a much faster hard drive.
Virtual memory is a computer system technique which gives an application program the impression that it has contiguous working memory, while in fact it is physically fragmented and may even overflow on to disk storage. Systems which use this technique make programming of large applications easier and use real physical memory (e.g. RAM) more efficiently than those without virtual memory. Note that “virtual memory” is not just “using disk space to extend physical memory size”. The defini -tion of “virtual memory” is based on tricking programs into thinking they are using large blocks of contiguous hard drive space while they are actually using RAM.
In the near future there will be great technological leaps in
DEVELOPMENT.
THE CURRENT CAPACITY RAM AS VIRTUAL MEMORY
04
04
04
04
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Currently, several types of non-volatile RAM are under development, which will preserve data while powered down. The technologies used include carbon nanotubes and the magnetic tunnel effect. In summer 2003, a 128 KB magnetic RAM chip manufactured with 0.18µm tech-nology was introduced. The core technology of MRAM is based on the magnetic tunnel effect. In June 2004, Infineon Technologies unveiled a 16 MB prototype again based on 0.18 µm technology. Nantero built a functioning carbon nanotube memory prototype 10 GB array in 2004. In 2006, solid state memory came of age, especially when implemented as “solid state disks.”
Non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) is the general name used to describe any type of random access memory which does not lose its information when power is turned off. This is in contrast to the most common forms of random access memory today, DRAM and SRAM, which both require continual power in order to maintain their data. NVRAM is a subgroup of the more general class of non-volatile memory types, the differ-ence being that NVRAM devices offer random access, as opposed to sequential access like hard disks. Early computers used a variety of memory systems, some of which happened to be non-volatile.
FUTURE CAPACITY POWERED MEMORY
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02FUNCTION
02FUNCTION
RAM IS NOW ARAM IS NOW A THIS MODERNTHIS MODERN
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NECESSITY INNECESSITY INWORLDWORLD
All of the world’s necessary systems run off of central -ized power grids. These grids in turn are run by systems of networked super computers which at the very core are powered by RAM. Society continues to grow and with this growth comes the demand for more necessities.
This demand for basic needs will only be met if technol-ogy can keep pace. Faster and increasingly more dynamic RAM will help to satiate these needs. The future of this product will be vital in determining how efficient the city you live in will run.
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Any modern city runs in a similar fashion to RAM. Different sources feed off each other to keep an efficient flow of information. Power is supplied to various places which all cohabitate.
RAM is an integral part of any computer system. It stores all of your system’s information and sorts it out so the other components will all work in sequence. You can imagine that the RAM in your computer is a staging area. Bits of information from your hard drive are brought into it in random order. Your processor then takes all of this information and processes it into ordered information that makes up the programs you are running and working with. You should also remember that the system which comprises your computer would not be able to run the modern programs, games, documents and other initia-tives so seamlessly without RAM.
RAM is responding quickly enough that the CPU does not have to wait for it. If RAM is not fast enough, the CPU must wait several nanoseconds every time it reads a new datum. If RAM is fast enough that this does not hap-pen, any additional quickness will not speed anything up because the CPU is already going as fast as it can. There are also various arrangements in all kinds of RAM to speed up certain kinds of accesses. Normally, to access a memory word, you have to write the address of that word wait for the address lines to settle, tell the RAM to fetch the data at the address, wait for that to happen. Then the data lines will settle and the system will read.
1//CENTRAL COMPUTER SYSTEM 2//CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
1//
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If you’ve ever taken the case off of a computer, you’ve seen the one piece of equipment that ties everything together—the motherboard. A motherboard allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communi-cate with one another. Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. The first motherboards held very few actual components. The first IBM PC mother-board had only a processor and card slots. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and memory into the slots. Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built- in features, and they directly affect a computer’s capabilities and potential for upgrades.
This is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents. with capacities exceeding 500 gigabytes and speeds far exceeding traditional disks. This development has started to blur the definition between traditional random access memory and disks, dramatically reducing the difference in performance. The amount of RAM installed in your computer can make a large difference in the speed and performance of your hard disk. Nearly every desktop computer and server in use today contains one or more hard-disk drives. Every mainframe and supercomputer is normally connected to hundreds of them.
3//MOTHERBOARD 4//HARD DISK
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3// 4//
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According to the projected 2007 US census, approximately 78% of households (88.7 million) have at least one personal computer. That rate has risen by approximately 11% since 2001.
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Americans have amassed an enormous amount of elec-tronic devices—an estimated three billion in total (RAM is one of these electronic products.) Given the large amount of potential products involved, e-waste includes a broad range of electronic devices. Unfortunately, improper disposal of e-waste creates a significant burden on landfills because toxic substances can leach into the soil and groundwater. Absent recycling, the problem could escalate. In the 1970s, Gordon E. Moore theorized that computer processing power doubles about every 18 months especially relative to cost or size. His theory, known as Moore’s Law, has proved largely true.
The total annual global volume of e-waste is expected to reach about 40 million metric tons. In the U.S. alone, it is estimated that we generated 1.5 billion pounds of all kinds of e-waste in 2006. This includes an estimated 44 million computers and televisions. This amount is likely to increase because e-waste is growing at three times the rate of other municipal waste. Although e-waste accounts for only one to four percent of municipal waste, it may be responsible for as much as 70 percent of the heavy metals in landfills, including 40 percent of all lead. RAM is by default, part of the e-waste problem, because it is often left inside discarded computers.
ELECTRONIC WASTE ON A GLOBAL SCALE
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E-waste should not be considered waste. It is certainly a resource. Useful materials such as glass, copper, aluminum, plastic and other components can often be removed and reused. Some manufacturers have even referred to e-waste as a valuable source of materials. Unfortunately, there are many toxic biproducts that are part of these devices that must be separated from the reusable parts. This process in itself is very toxic, and hazardous for the workers involved in the extraction. Many e-waste recyclers ship off their products to third world countries and even US prisons where there are not strict health and safety laws.
The big question that many consumers ask is, why can’t these products be more reusable. If RAM became more of a universal product, people might extract it from their old machines before discarding them, thus extending the life of this product. Presently, there is a small market for used RAM. This small market caters to consumers who use obsolete computers that might need a memory upgrade or RAM replacement. Thrift stores like Good Will are even opening used computer departments in their larger stores where you can find large tubs of used computer components. While these solutions are good in the short term, a long term solution isn’t available.
RECYCLING POSSIBILITIES REUSE OF RAM COMPONENT
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03OVERHAUL
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THE FUTURETHE FUTUREMEMORY HASMEMORY HAS
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The journey that this product has taken is completely evolutionary. What began as giant room sized memory modules has become a sleek and powerful memory stick. With the current form, there is still great opportunity for growth. There is still a need for something universal.
This projection for a possible format is based on tech-nologies that will greatly increase the sustainability of electronic products (not just RAM). The new product will also perform at the same or greater rate than what will be offered by less sustainable competition.
OF COMPUTER OF COMPUTEROF COMPUTERARRIVED ARRIVED
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RAMwill be completely universal and interchangeable.
Currently, many different computers rely on several var-ied formats of RAM. This is because of the clock speed of the CPU, and differing performance rates. What the new product proposes is an interchangeable format that eliminates the need to buy new RAM.
This format will rely primarily on interchangeable RAM chip sets which will help the product to carry onto newer machines resulting in less electronic waste. The base materials will be made from biodegradeable materials as well as materials that are highly recyclable.
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4.5" 72-Pin SIMM, UNIVERSAL CHIP SET
5.25" 168 -Pin DIMM, UNIVERSAL CHIP SET
3.5" 30 -Pin SIMM, UNIVERSAL CHIP SET
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5.5"
5.5"
1.5"
.625"
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HEAT SPREADER
RAM CHIP SET
CHIP SET HOLDER AND PROCESSOR
HEAT SPREADER
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Aluminum heat spreaders are widely used in electron-ics and have become almost essential to modern central processing units. In common use, it is a metal object brought into contact with an electronic component’s hot surface—though in most cases a thin thermal interface material mediates between the two surfaces. Micropro-cessors and power handling semiconductors are exam-ples of electronics that need a heat sink to reduce their temperature through increased thermal mass and heat dissipation. This new version of RAM will be powered and running at high speeds that produce excessive heat. The heat spreader will keep the chip set cool.
In order for this technology to really sell and compete, it’s going to have to be able to exceed RAM products that are already on the market. What we propose are powered memory chips that don’t need to be refreshed as current volatile memory formats do. This means that your computer will maintain a constant high speed performance rate, with virtually no loading times. If new RAM product standards occur, you can simply remove the old chip set and replace it with a faster version. The old chip set that you no longer need can easily be recy-cled, or sent back to the manufacturing company (where they will take care of it for you) free of charge.
ALUMINUM HEAT SPREADER UPGRADEABLE POWERED CHIP SETS
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The goal of this product is also to set a standard for other electronics manufacturers. The electronic waste that has already been generated is not going to disappear, and with new technologies it will be possible to generate almost none at all. This product will help to accomplish this task by using bio-degradable corn plastics for all of the surfaces where the various components are situ-ated. Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from plant sources such as hemp oil, soy bean oil and corn starch rather than traditional plastics which are derived from petroleum. This is generally regarded as a more sustain-able activity because it relies less on fossil fuel.
Silica chips and harmful germanium capacitors will be phased out completely in favor of more efficient and sus-tainable technologies. The future of the transmission and storage mechanisms will be carbon fiber nanotechnology (carbon nanontubes) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are car-bon allotropes. A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is a one-atom thick sheet of graphite (called graphene) rolled up into a seamless cylinder with diameter on the order of a nanometer. This results in a nanostructure where the length-to-diameter ratio exceeds 10,000. This nanostructure allows more information to be processed and stored, further increasing the memory efficiency.
BIO PLASTIC GRAPHITE CHIPS AND CAPACITORS
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04OUTCOME
04OUTCOME
Global/CommunGlobal/CommunFlowing/ReflectFlowing/Reflect
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Computer memory has come a long way, and like all technology it will only continue to grow. It’s really the choice of the public consumer if it will grow in a posi-tive and sustainable direction, or a wasteful and negative direction; I hope for the former.
The goal of this project was to take a piece of the computer ( rather than tackle the whole machine) and increase its sustainability. I also hope to inspire anyone who has read this to have a creative and positive outlook on what future consumer goods can be.
ity/Sustainable/ity/Sustainable/ion/Reality//ion/Reality//
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The future of electronic consumer goods can be
SUSTAINABLE.
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors added to its canon of research documenting the correlation between proac-tive sustainability performance and positive financial performance with its Computers and Peripherals Industry Global Report. The report found that companies that ranked above-average on Innovest’s sustainability ratings financially outperformed companies with below-average ratings by 19.1 percent over the three years from April 2000 to June 2003. Over the past two-year period, top rated firms outperformed laggards by 35.6 percent, and over the past year, by 26.7 percent. Hewlett-Packard ranked first on the IVA scale with an AAA rating.
Fujitsu developed the world’s first bioplastic computer cases on August 11, 2005. Fujitsu LTD and Toray indus-tries jointly developed a large case made of bioplastics. Notebook FMV-BIBLO NB80K”. This is the first bioplastic computer chassis made from corn starch. This new tech-nology can reduce by about one liter the consumption of petroleum in the production of a notebook personal computer. The material contains polylactic acid and is a bioplastic made for lactic acid derived from fermented starches and sugars from corn and potatoes. If used, it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 15 percent compared to conventional petroleum based resins.
SUSTAINABILITY INCENTIVE FUJITSU BIOPLASTIC COMPUTER
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The XO is a potent learning tool created expressly for children in developing countries, living in some of the most remote environments. The laptop was designed collaboratively by experts from both academia and indus-try, bringing to bear both extraordinary talent and many decades of collective field experience for every aspect of this nonprofit humanitarian project. The result is a unique harmony of form and function; a flexible, ultra- low-cost, power-efficient, responsive, and durable machine with which nations of the emerging world can leapfrog decades of development—immediately transforming the content and quality of their children’s learning.
When sophmore Angelica Weiner arrived in Ambato, Ecuador for her summer Public Service Fellowship, she encountered a local population eager to improve its developing economy but lacking problem-solving experience. Angelica’s project, setting up a sustain-able computer lab in a trade school for low-income girls twelve years and older, would give women access to the information and media resources they needed to problem solve on their own. While in Ambato, Angelica met many members of the community who each had problems and projects that they wanted to tackle. Once this initial shock wore off, she empowered the people of Ambato.
ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD PROGRAM SUSTAINABLE COMPUTER LAB
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The resources for sustainability are here, it’s just a matter of getting out the message and staying positive. Sustainability will be tangible in the products we use every day.
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THANKSJennie Sarah My parents Stefan Alvaro Tom Robin Camputee Press 826 Valencia Radio Ghoul School Pirate Cat Radio
