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Universal Measurement of Universal Measurement of ShipsShips
Colin CridlandColin Cridland
IMSFIMSF
Gdansk, April 2008Gdansk, April 2008
© Colin Cridland
ObjectivesObjectives
To propose new method(s) of measure that To propose new method(s) of measure that universally equally to ALL sizes and types of universally equally to ALL sizes and types of vessel allowing easy comparison (ie Like with vessel allowing easy comparison (ie Like with Like)Like)
To highlight weaknesses with existing To highlight weaknesses with existing measurementsmeasurements
© Colin Cridland
Existing Types of MeasureExisting Types of Measure
TONNAGESTONNAGES Dwt, Displacement, LightweightDwt, Displacement, Lightweight
CAPACITIESCAPACITIES Liquid (m3), Liquid Gas (m3), Grain (m3), Ore Liquid (m3), Liquid Gas (m3), Grain (m3), Ore
(m3), Bale (m3), TEUs, Lane Metres (m), Cars, (m3), Bale (m3), TEUs, Lane Metres (m), Cars, Trucks, Trailers, Passengers etcTrucks, Trailers, Passengers etc
DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS Length Overall (m), Length BP (m), Beam (m), Length Overall (m), Length BP (m), Beam (m),
Draught (m), Depth (m) etcDraught (m), Depth (m) etc HYBRIDSHYBRIDS
GRT/GT, NRT/NT, SCNT, PCNT, CGTGRT/GT, NRT/NT, SCNT, PCNT, CGT
© Colin Cridland
TonnagesTonnages
Deadweight (dwt)Deadweight (dwt) Maximum vessel can carry in tonnes by way of Maximum vessel can carry in tonnes by way of
cargo, stores, fuel, crew etc which is not cargo, stores, fuel, crew etc which is not permanent part of structure of ship up to the permanent part of structure of ship up to the maximum summer load line.maximum summer load line.
Reasonable measurement for majority liquid or Reasonable measurement for majority liquid or dry bulk vessels as cargo component forming dry bulk vessels as cargo component forming close to 98% of dwtclose to 98% of dwt
Unrepresentative for majority of vessels Unrepresentative for majority of vessels carrying low density cargoes like containers, carrying low density cargoes like containers, LNG, passengers, vehicles etcLNG, passengers, vehicles etc
© Colin Cridland
Tonnages (continued)Tonnages (continued)
Lightweight (lwt, ldt or lwdt)Lightweight (lwt, ldt or lwdt) Basically the weight of the ship itself with no Basically the weight of the ship itself with no
cargo, stores etc.cargo, stores etc. Used widely at the time vessels are Used widely at the time vessels are
negotiating for scrapnegotiating for scrap Otherwise of little use as weight of steel is no Otherwise of little use as weight of steel is no
indication of vessel size with similar sizes indication of vessel size with similar sizes having huge tonnage variation due to type of having huge tonnage variation due to type of steel used.steel used.
DisplacementDisplacement Basically the full weight of a fully laden shipBasically the full weight of a fully laden ship DISPLACEMENT = DWT plus LWTDISPLACEMENT = DWT plus LWT
© Colin Cridland
Hybrid MeasuresHybrid Measures
Gross Tonnage (GT) – replaces (GRT)Gross Tonnage (GT) – replaces (GRT) An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the
total volume of enclosed spacestotal volume of enclosed spaces Calculated by taking the total capacity of Calculated by taking the total capacity of
enclosed spaces in m3 (V) and multiplying by a enclosed spaces in m3 (V) and multiplying by a coefficient (K) calculated by 0.2+0.02 logcoefficient (K) calculated by 0.2+0.02 log1010V (e.g. V (e.g. 100,000 m3 x 0.3 becomes 30,000 GT and 100,000 m3 x 0.3 becomes 30,000 GT and 200,000 m3 x 0.306 becomes 61,200 GT)200,000 m3 x 0.306 becomes 61,200 GT)
Better than dwt for comparing vessels with low Better than dwt for comparing vessels with low density cargoes within enclosed spaces with high density cargoes within enclosed spaces with high density cargoesdensity cargoes
BUT useless for containerships with majority of BUT useless for containerships with majority of cargo outside enclosed spacescargo outside enclosed spaces
AND Complicated, Meaningless, UnrepresentativeAND Complicated, Meaningless, Unrepresentative
© Colin Cridland
Hybrid Measures (cont)Hybrid Measures (cont)
Net Tonnage (NT) – replaces (NRT)Net Tonnage (NT) – replaces (NRT) An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the
total volume of enclosed spaces dedicated to total volume of enclosed spaces dedicated to cargocargo
Calculated by formula:Calculated by formula: NT = KNT = K22 V Vc c (4d/3D)(4d/3D)2 2 + K+ K33 (N (N11 + (N + (N22 / 10)) / 10)) KK22 = as per K in GT, V = as per K in GT, Vc c = m3 enclosed cargo = m3 enclosed cargo
space d = moulded draught amidships, D = space d = moulded draught amidships, D = moulded depth amidships, N1 = no passengers moulded depth amidships, N1 = no passengers with not more than 8 berths N2 = no of other with not more than 8 berths N2 = no of other passengers K3 = 1.25 ((GT+10,000)/10,000)passengers K3 = 1.25 ((GT+10,000)/10,000)
A ‘Black Art’A ‘Black Art’ Even worse than GT!!Even worse than GT!! Too Complicated to be calculated by ShipyardsToo Complicated to be calculated by Shipyards
© Colin Cridland
CapacitiesCapacities
Cubic Capacity (m3)Cubic Capacity (m3) Liquid, Liquefied Gas, Grain, Ore, BaleLiquid, Liquefied Gas, Grain, Ore, Bale
UnitsUnits Lane Metres – Linear (cannot convert to m3)Lane Metres – Linear (cannot convert to m3) No of passengers (cannot convert to m3)No of passengers (cannot convert to m3) No of vehicles (cannot convert to m3)No of vehicles (cannot convert to m3) TEU (CAN convert to m3!)TEU (CAN convert to m3!)
© Colin Cridland
Data UsedData Used
LRF PC RegisterLRF PC Register Stage 1 - All Cargo Ships – 53,460 vessels BUT:Stage 1 - All Cargo Ships – 53,460 vessels BUT:
3,235 vessels with NO dwt (6%)3,235 vessels with NO dwt (6%) 286 vessels with NO GT (0.5%)286 vessels with NO GT (0.5%) 6,324 vessels with NO NT (12%)6,324 vessels with NO NT (12%) 2,711 vessels with NO LOA (5%)2,711 vessels with NO LOA (5%) 241 vessels with NO Beam (0.5%)241 vessels with NO Beam (0.5%)
Tested relationship between dwt & GT, dwt & NT, Tested relationship between dwt & GT, dwt & NT, NT & GT, m3 and GT & NT – ALL inconsistentNT & GT, m3 and GT & NT – ALL inconsistent
© Colin Cridland
11stst Universal Measure Universal Measure
Stage 2 - Selected vessels with Both LOA & LBPStage 2 - Selected vessels with Both LOA & LBP Created LOA Size Categories (approx every 25m)Created LOA Size Categories (approx every 25m) Created Pivot Tables for LOA/LBP values for every Created Pivot Tables for LOA/LBP values for every
LOA size range for every vessel typeLOA size range for every vessel type Vessels with LOA/LBP values = 48,678 vesselsVessels with LOA/LBP values = 48,678 vessels Use LOA/LBP ratios from Pivots to populate Use LOA/LBP ratios from Pivots to populate
previously blank LOAspreviously blank LOAs Result 52,488 vessels having BOTH LOA and Result 52,488 vessels having BOTH LOA and
Beam.Beam.
© Colin Cridland
Vessel Footprint = VFm2Vessel Footprint = VFm2
LOA x BEAM = VFm2LOA x BEAM = VFm2 VFm2 = Ship Footprint in square metresVFm2 = Ship Footprint in square metres VFm2 provides mechanism for measuring vessels VFm2 provides mechanism for measuring vessels
against port, waterway or drydocking spaceagainst port, waterway or drydocking space
© Colin Cridland
VFm2 – World Fleet by TypeVFm2 – World Fleet by Type
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
bulke
r
tanke
r
conta
iner
gen c
argo
chem
ical
mpp
pass
vehi
cve
hicro
ro lng
lpg
k V
Fm
2
© Colin Cridland
VFm2 – World Fleet by FlagVFm2 – World Fleet by Flag
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Panam
a
Liber
ia
Baham
as
Spore
Hong K
ong
Mar
sh Is
China
Mal
ta
Greec
e
Japan
k V
Fm
2
© Colin Cridland
22ndnd Universal MeasureUniversal Measure
Stage 3 - Select only vessels with m3 capacity Stage 3 - Select only vessels with m3 capacity measures or TEU (convert TEU to m3)measures or TEU (convert TEU to m3)
Certain ship types excluded (e.g. Passenger)Certain ship types excluded (e.g. Passenger) Use largest m3 or combine according to ship typeUse largest m3 or combine according to ship type Select out vessels with NO dwt & Create dwt size Select out vessels with NO dwt & Create dwt size
categoriescategories Vessels with DWT AND m3 = 32,663 Vessels with DWT AND m3 = 32,663 Created Pivot Tables for DWT/m3 values for every Created Pivot Tables for DWT/m3 values for every
DWT size range for every vessel typeDWT size range for every vessel type Use DWT/m3 ratios from Pivots to populate Use DWT/m3 ratios from Pivots to populate
previously blank DWTs & m3 but EXCLUDING previously blank DWTs & m3 but EXCLUDING anomalous valuesanomalous values
Result calculated Total Cargo m3 (TCm3) for 42,248 Result calculated Total Cargo m3 (TCm3) for 42,248 vessels!vessels!
© Colin Cridland
TCm3 – World Fleet by TypeTCm3 – World Fleet by Type
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Bulkers Tankers Container General MPP RoRo Vehicle
© Colin Cridland
Key Types - dwt/m3Key Types - dwt/m3
0.81
1.24
0.49
1.23
0.800.88
1.241.12
0.56
1.10
0.460.54
0.72
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
bulke
r
cem
ent
chip ore
open
hatc
h
tanke
r
bitum
en
chem
ical
LNGLPG
conta
iner
roro
gen c
argo
dw
t/m
3
Comparison of MeasuresComparison of Measures
© Colin Cridland
World Fleet by Key TypeWorld Fleet by Key Type
3336
18
42 2
4
38 39
14
52 1 1
33 33
25
3 2 1 1
31 32
18
7
3 2 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Bulkers Tankers Container General MPP RoRo Vehicle
GT DWTTCm3 VFm2
© Colin Cridland
WWL's owners order the world's largest RoRo ships
2007-12-19WWL's owners Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA of Norway and Wallenius Lines of Sweden have ordered four of the world's largest ro-ro vessels from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries' (MHI) Nagasaki yard in Japan for delivery in 2011 and 2012.
The new ships will service Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics and have a carrying capacity of 138 000 cubic metres, close to 10% more than the WW/OW partnership's most recent ro-ro carriers.
TCm3 for RoRo? – In Use!TCm3 for RoRo? – In Use!
© Colin Cridland
What Types Can Be What Types Can Be Measured? Measured?
VFm2 – ALL TYPES!VFm2 – ALL TYPES! TCm3 so far…TCm3 so far…
Bitumen, bunker, LNG, LPG, chemical, oil Bitumen, bunker, LNG, LPG, chemical, oil tanker, wine tanker, water tanker, fruit juicetanker, wine tanker, water tanker, fruit juice
Bulker, ore carrier, OBO, Ore/Oil, open hatch, Bulker, ore carrier, OBO, Ore/Oil, open hatch, chip carrier, cementchip carrier, cement
Containership, conbulkerContainership, conbulker RoRo, PCC, PCTC, Ro-Lo, Ro-Ro/OtherRoRo, PCC, PCTC, Ro-Lo, Ro-Ro/Other General cargo, MPP, Reefer, Ref FishGeneral cargo, MPP, Reefer, Ref Fish Heavy Lift, LivestockHeavy Lift, Livestock FPSO, FSO, Passenger, Cruise, Non Cargo – FPSO, FSO, Passenger, Cruise, Non Cargo –
NOT YET!NOT YET!
© Colin Cridland
Universal Measure? – it’s a Universal Measure? – it’s a Start!Start!
THANK YOU!