UNIVERSAL TRANSFORMERS OF LIGHT UNIVERSAL TRANSFORMERS OF LIGHT FREQUENCY IN THE SPACE AND ON THE EARTHFREQUENCY IN THE SPACE AND ON THE EARTH

Methods of frequency-transformation:1. Nonlinear effects;2. Doppler effect;3. Ritz effect.

Semikov S.A., Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod , Russia

Reducer as mechanicalanalog of optical

frequency-transformer

Electromagnetic spectrum

Well-known mWell-known methods of frequency-transformation 1. Nonlinear effects: generation of second and other upper optical

harmonics; parametric effects; Raman effect; phase self-modulation; generation of THz-beams and attosecond pulses, etc.

2. Doppler effect: λ'=λ(1+Vr/c) or f '=f/(1+Vr/c)

Suggested method of frequency-transformationSuggested method of frequency-transformation3. Ritz effect: λ'=λ(1+Lar/c2) or f '=f/(1+Lar/c2).

Difference in speeds of light from the accelerating source would increase interval between wavefronts and increase the wave-length:

t’=t+L/(c–v)–L/ct(1+Lar/c2);

λ’=ct’=λ(1+Lar/c2);

f ’=1/t’=f/(1+Lar/c2).

Walter Ritz(1878-1909)

The BallisticTheory ofRitz, 1908

According to the ballistic model, light in addition to velocity Cgets the velocity V of the light-source, like projectile from

airplane.

Two signals, which were emitted by acceleratingsource with delay t, arrived to detector with delay t’.

Ritz effect in outer spaceRitz effect in outer spaceВ 1920-х гг.

Цурхелен и

Ла Роза

предсказали

большие

спектральные

сдвиги

в космосе от

эффекта Ритца.

Imaginary variation of temperature of the variable stars (Cephei type)

Cosmological Red-shift of rotating galaxiesas the primary and direct result of Ritz effect

were found from well-known galaxywere found from well-known galaxyparametersparameters

Space transformers of light frequencySpace transformers of light frequencyRadio-wave sources:Radio-wave sources:

Radio galaxies, Quasars, PulsarsRadio galaxies, Quasars, PulsarsX- and X- and -ray -ray sources:sources:

X-ray pulsars, Black holes, BurstersX-ray pulsars, Black holes, Bursters

Typical spectrum of pulsar pulse issimilar to spectrum of blackbodywith temperature about T≈10-3 K.Such spectrum can be a direct resultof transformation of star opticalradiation (f ≈1015 Hz) to radio-waveradiation (f ’≈109 Hz) by means ofRitz effect (if the acceleration a of starproduced f/f’=(1+La/c2)≈107).According to Wien law T/fmax=constand it will decrease calculatedtemperature of star from T≈104 Kto T≈10-3 K (by a factor of 107).

Typical spectrum of burster burst issimilar to spectrum of blackbodywith temperature about T≈7·107 K.Such spectrum can be a direct resultof transformation of star opticalradiation (f ≈1015 Hz) to X-rayradiation (f ’≈1019 Hz) by means ofRitz effect (if the acceleration a of starproduced f’/f=1/(1-La/c2)≈104).According to Wien law T/fmax=constand it will increase calculatedtemperature of star from T≈104 Kto T≈108 K (by a factor of 104).

Ritz effect in a laboratoryRitz effect in a laboratoryTransformation of frequency measured by means of Mossbauer effect

Bömmel experiment:transformation of -rays

frequency emittedby accelerating source

Red shift from thesource fixed on

the rotational disk

Pound and Rebkaexperiment: red shift

in gravity field

Application of Ritz effect for smooth, effective Application of Ritz effect for smooth, effective and all-wave frequency transformationand all-wave frequency transformation

• Frequency transformation by means of Doppler effect λ'=λ(1+Vr/c) will be effective, when the speed of source Vrc=3·108 m/s.

• Frequency transformation by means of Ritz effect λ'=λ(1+Lar/c2) will be effective in laboratory (L~1 m), when the acceleration of source ar=c2/L9·1016 m/s2.

• Such accelerations for electrons, ions and nanoparticles are easily realizable without high-power accelerators: for electron in field E we have ma=F=eE, therefore a=Ee/m, where e/m=1,76·1011 Q/kg. Thus sufficient field is E~106 V/m, or for ions – E~109 V/m.

• Such fields are easily realizable, for example in fast current pulses, or in beam from femtosecond LASERs.

• We also can accelerate electrons, atoms and nanoparticles without special electric equipment, only by means of laser emission, which not only transforms after reradiation from particles, but also gives acceleration to these particles by means of light pressure.

Universal transformer of light frequencyUniversal transformer of light frequency

• Ritz transformer of frequency will be useful for effective transformation of laser light radiation (optical band) into direct radiation of any other wave band (radio-, microwave, THz-, IR-, UV-, X- or -rays), with the possibility of smooth frequency variation, according to free length L and intensity of electric field E.

ReferencesReferences::1. Крюков П.Г. Фемтосекундные импульсы. М.: Физматлит, 2008.2. Ландсберг Г.С. Оптика. М.: Наука, 1976.3. Bömmel H.E. Measurement of the frequency shift of gamma rays in accelerated systems

using the Mässbauer effect. “Mossbauer effect”, Ld. 1962, p. 229–232. 4. Семиков С. БТР и картина мироздания. Н.Новгород: ПРЕСС-КОНТУР, 2009.5. Физика космоса: Маленькая энциклопедия. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1986.6. Справочник необходимых знаний. М.: РИПОЛ КЛАССИК, 2002.7. Семиков С. Преобразование электромагнитных волн в поле ускорений. Сборник

трудов конференции по радиофизке, ННГУ, 7 мая 2010 г. 8. Бонч-Бруевич А.М. Сергей Иванович Вавилов в моей жизни // УФН 171, 2001.

(English translation is available: El’yashevich M A, Kembrovskaya N G, Tomil’chik L M "Walter Ritz as a theoretical physicist and his research on the theory of atomic spectra" Phys. Usp. 38 435–455 (1995))

9. WEB site: www.ritz-btr.narod.ru (Ritz original articles in German is available).10. WEB site: www.ebicom.net.11. WEB site: www.ekkehard-friebe.de (site of Ekkehard Friebe, Munich).12. WEB site: www.bourabai.kz/arp/index.html (articles of Halton Arp, Munich).13. Ельяшевич М.А. и др. Вальтер Ритц как физик-теоретик и его исследования по

теории атомных спектров // УФН 165, 1995, №4. (English translation is available: Bonch-Bruevich A M "Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov in my life" Phys. Usp. 44 1033–1036 (2001)).

14. Martínez Alberto A. Ritz, Einstein, and the Emission Hypothesis // Physics in perspective. №6 (2004) 4–28.

15. M. La Rosa. Neur Beitrag zur ballistischen Theorie der "veräanderlichen sterne.", Astronomische Nachrichten, 234, 235, (1929).

16. M. La Rosa. Addiert sich die Geschwindigkeit des Lichtes zu derjenigen der Lichtquelle? Dafür sprechende Beweise aus den Phänomenen der "veränderlichen Sterne" , Physik. Zeitschr., 21, 333, (1924).

Изменение длин волн света и искривление Изменение длин волн света и искривление световых лучей в поле тяготения Солнцасветовых лучей в поле тяготения Солнца

Простое объяснение релятивистских эффектов по эффекту Ритца