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Universidad de Córdoba
Department of Physics,Department of Physics,University of Cordoba,University of Cordoba,
Spain.Spain.
Preliminary experimental resultsPreliminary experimental resultson the QL-lamp fedon the QL-lamp fed
by 2.45 GHz microwave powerby 2.45 GHz microwave power
Antonio GameroAntonio Gamero
UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSIDADDEDECÓRDOBACÓRDOBA
- Studies of HF discharges at the University of Cordoba
- HF Discharges as Light Sources. Microwave-fed QL-lamp
Spectroscopic measurements
Radiometric measurements
Surface wave in coaxial structure
Conclusion / Future
Contents
Eindhoven University of Technology (Netherlands)J.J.A.M. van der Mullen
University of Granada (Spain) M. Rubiño, Y. Yebra and M.M. Pérez
LPGIP. Université Paris-Sud (Orsay, France) C. Boisse-Laporte
Group of HF Discharges :Group of HF Discharges :
Dr. Carlos Lao
Dr. M. Carmen Quintero
Dr. Antonio Rodero
Dr. Antonio Sola
Dr. Antonio Gamero
Ph. Students:
Olga Carabaño
Manuel Fernández
José Mª Palomares
Sebastián Rubio
Jesús Torres
Departamento de FísicaDepartamento de Física
UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSIDADDEDECÓRDOBACÓRDOBA
- Surface Wave Discharges (SWDs)- Plasma Torches
- Coaxial Discharges- Spectroscopic Diagnostics
- Excitation Source for Spectrochemical Analysis- Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
- HF Discharges as Light Sources
UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSIDADDEDECÓRDOBACÓRDOBA Departamento de FísicaDepartamento de Física
Group of HF Discharges :Group of HF Discharges :
POWERGENERATOR
z = 0Surfatron dielectric tubewaveguide
refPPowermeter
incP
gas
manometer
pump
stubs
plasma
SurfaceSurface wave Dischargeswave Discharges
Microwave frequency: 2.45 GHzMicrowave power: up to 200 W (1500 W)Gas: Ar, HePressure: mTorr – 1 atm
Characteristics
Microwave power range: 200-3000 W
Length: 10-12 mm
Diameter: 1 - 2 mm
Gas flow rate range: 0.5-15 L min-1
TIA (Torch á Injection Axiale)
noozle
tuneablecoaxialplunger
gas
flame
WR-340waveguide
z=10-12 mm
f= 2.45 GHz
Microwave Microwave PPlasma lasma PProducedroducedby the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)by the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)
Spectroscopic DiagnosticsSpectroscopic Diagnostics
- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy- Molecular Emission Spectroscopy
Atomic State Distribution Function (ASDF) Departure from LTE
Destruction of Volatile OrganicDestruction of Volatile Organic CompoundCompounds (s (VOCsVOCs)) by using microwave plasmaby using microwave plasma producedproduced
by the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)by the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)
TCE = trichloroethylene
Microwave Generator
Reactor
Gas Chromatograph
Computer
Plasma torch
He0,5% TCE99,5% He
Reactor
Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE ) > 99.999 %
HF Discharges as Light Sources.HF Discharges as Light Sources.Microwave-fed QL-lampMicrowave-fed QL-lamp
(low-pressure argon, 2.45 GHz)(low-pressure argon, 2.45 GHz)
Experimental version :
Argon filled pressure: 66, 133 Pa.
Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3
The QL-lamp from Philips, at 2.65 MHz (commercialized since 1992)
Acknowledgment to Dr Wim Hellebrekers (Philips Lighting)
Experimental version : Argon filled pressure: 133 Pa.
Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3
Experimental Set-up
mercury amalgam
cavity
microwave antenna
auxiliary amalgam
QL-lamp at 2.45 GHZ
Measure point:
4 mm from the inner tube
45 mm below the antenna end
MonochromatorPhotomultiplier
CCD Camera
Entrance slit
Optic fibreQL-lamp
Ribbon lamp
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
Microwave generator Microtron 200 Mark 3 (Electron Medical Supplies)
Monochromator THR-1000 (Jobin-Ivon) 1200 grooves/mm grating
Fotomultiplier Hamamatsu R636
QL-lamp Experimental version. Argon filled pressure: 133 Pa. Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3
Tungsten Ribbon Lamp 28/G/UV (Polaron Engineering Ltd.)
Spectroscopic Experimental Set-up
100000 105000 110000 115000 1200007,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
5p - 4s
4p - 4s
Texc
= 10709 K = 0.923 eV
y = -5.836·10-5·x + 14.787r = 0.895
lo
g(I·
/gk·A
ki)
Ek (cm-1)
Ar
60000 65000 70000 75000 800007,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
Texc
= 9714 K = 0.837 eV
y = -6.434·10-5·x + 12.947r = 0.824
log(
I·/g
k·Aki)
Ek (cm-1)
Hg
Atomic State Distribution Function
effective quantum number
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,77,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
y = -3.82·x + 9.95r = 0.894
log(
I·/g
k·Aki)
log(p)
Ar
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,77,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
lo
g(I·
/gk·A
ki)
y = -4.14·x + 10.11r = 0.841
log (p)
Hg
Atomic State Distribution Function
- Excitation Saturation Balance (ESB) x 5
ionisation processes neglected x = 5
Radiometric Experimental Set-up
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
Microwave generator Microtron 200 Mark 3 (Electron Medical Supplies)
Spectroradiometer
QL-lamp Comercial version. Argon filled pressure: 133 Pa. Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3
Results
LampRadiance
(Wat/strd·m2)Luminance
(Cd/m2)x, y, z
Color Temperature
DominantWavelength
PurityEfficacy(Lm/W)
RelativeFlux
RF 80 W 177,2 63.6200.4138, 0.3926,
0.19373336 583,0 46,04% 75.00 100%
µW 20 W 13,52 5.1040.4463, 0.4198,
0.13392973 582,0 62,78% 24.05 7,58%
µW 40 W 21,79 8.1620.4415, 0.4156,
0.14293017 582,1 60,25% 19.25 12,25%
µW 60 W 25,37 9.4580.4402, 0.4145,
0.14533030 582,2 59,59% 14.87 14,29%
µW 90 W 28,63 10.5500.4387, 0.4123,
0.14903037 582,4 58,24% 11.06 16,29%
400 500 600 700 800
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400S
pec
tral
rad
ian
ce (
wat
t/sr
·m )2
(nm)
20 W 40 W 60 W 90 W
Results
400 500 600 700 800
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sp
ectr
al r
adia
nce
(w
att/
sr·m
2 )
(nm)
W (40 W) RF (80 W)
Results
Results
LampRadiance
(Wat/strd·m2)Luminance
(Cd/m2)x, y, z
Color Temperature
DominantWavelength
PurityEfficacy(Lm/W)
RelativeFlux
RF 80 W 177,2 63.6200.4138, 0.3926,
0.19373336 583,0 46,04% 75.00 100%
µW 20 W 13,52 5.1040.4463, 0.4198,
0.13392973 582,0 62,78% 24.05 7,58%
µW 40 W 21,79 8.1620.4415, 0.4156,
0.14293017 582,1 60,25% 19.25 12,25%
µW 60 W 25,37 9.4580.4402, 0.4145,
0.14533030 582,2 59,59% 14.87 14,29%
µW 90 W 28,63 10.5500.4387, 0.4123,
0.14903037 582,4 58,24% 11.06 16,29%
SurfaceSurface Wave DischargesWave DischargesCoaxial Coaxial structurestructure
Plasma p
Air = 1
Metallicguide
Antenna
Dielectric tube v = 3.8
Antenna R0 = 1.5 mm
Inner tube R1 = 4.25 mm R2 = 5.00 mm
Outer tube R3 = 11.50 mm R4 = 12.25 mm
Guide R5 = 40.00 mm
Surface Wave Propagation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
pe
·a
mode I
mode II
_____1/1 + v
- Radially uniform plasma
-
Two solutions
Azimuthally symmetric modes
Er , Ez , H
Radial profile of the electric fieldMode I
n e
- Outside Er > Ez
- Inside Er < Ez
Minimum electric field exists going to the internal tube with the ne
- Ein < Eext
Radial profile of the electric fieldMode II
n e
- Outside Er > Ez
- Inside Er < Ez
Minimum electric field exists going to the external tube with the ne
- Ein ~ Eext
Conclusions / FutureConclusions / Future
- It has been possible to produce a stable microwave QL-lamp at 2.45 GHz at the pressure of 1 Torr.
- The microwave coupler must be improved in order to optimise the power absorbed by the plasma and so the efficiency of the lamp.
- The relative importance of the both possible modes of the surface wave must be experimentally investigated under different experimental conditions.
- The propagation of the surface wave in coaxial structure must be solved for different geometric dimension and for plasmas radially no uniform, looking for the best conditions of operation.
- New experimental measurements must be made under these new conditions.
Universidad de Córdoba
Department of Physics,Department of Physics,University of Cordoba,University of Cordoba,
Spain.Spain.
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention
Antonio GameroAntonio Gamero
(nm) Ek (cm-1) gk Akj (108 s-1) Transition
415.85 117184 5 0.0145 5p 4s
419.07 116999 5 0.00254 5p 4s
419.83 117563 1 0.0276 5p 4s
420.06 116943 7 0.0103 5p 4s
425.93 118871 1 0.0415 5p 4s
427.21 117151 3 0.0084 5p 4s
430.01 116999 3 0.00394 5p 4s
433.35 118469 5 0.0060 5p 4s
696.54 107496 3 0.067 4p 4s
706.72 107290 5 0.0395 4p 4s
727.29 107496 3 0.0200 4p 4s
738.39 107290 5 0.087 4p 4s
750.38 108723 1 0.472 4p 4s
751.46 107054 1 0.430 4p 4s
763.51 106238 5 0.274 4p 4s
772.42 107496 3 0.127 4p 4s
794.81 107132 3 0.196 4p 4s
800.61 106238 5 0.0468 4p 4s
801.47 105617 5 0.096 4p 4s
810.36 106087 3 0.277 4p 4s
811.53 105463 7 0.366 4p 4s
826.45 107496 3 0.168 4p 4s
840.82 107290 5 0.244 4p 4s
842.46 105617 5 0.233 4p 4s
852.14 107132 3 0.147 4p 4s
Lines measured
(nm) Ek (cm-1) gk Akj (108 s-1) Transition
404,65 62350 3 0.21 7s 6p
407,78 63928 1 0.040 7s 6p
410,80 78404 1 0.030 9s 6p
433,92 77108 5 0.0288 7d 6p
435,83 62350 3 0.557 7s 6p
491,60 74405 1 0.058 8s 6p
546,07 62350 3 0.487 7s 6p
576,95 71396 5 0.236 6d 6p
690,75 76824 5 0.028 8p 7s
Hg lines
Ar lines
““Radiometric (and spectroscopic) measurements on a low-pressure argon Radiometric (and spectroscopic) measurements on a low-pressure argon QL-lampQL-lamp fed by fed by2.45 GHz microwaves”2.45 GHz microwaves”
byby
O. Carabaño, M. Fernández, A. Gamero and A. Sola, University of Cordoba (Spain)M Rubiño, Y. Yebra and M.M. Pérez, University of Granada (Spain) J.J.A.M. van der Mullen, University of Eindhoven (Netherlands)
COST ACTION 529 COST ACTION 529
“Efficient Lighting for the 21th century”
Meeting in Granada (Spain), Meeting in Granada (Spain), September 22-23, 2005September 22-23, 2005
Workshop “Radiometric, photometric Workshop “Radiometric, photometric and color measurements of light and color measurements of light
sources and applications”sources and applications”