UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT

Author’s full name : SITI HAJAR BINTI AZIZ

Date of birth : 12 JULY 1993

Title : BASIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GEBENG

BAUXITE

Academic Session : 2015/2016

I declare that this Final Year Project Report is classified as:

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act

1972)*

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization

where research was done)

OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full

text)

I acknowledged that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserves the right as follows:

1. The Final Year Project Report is the property of Universiti Malaysia Pahang.

2. The Library of Universiti Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for the

purpose of research only.

3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.

Certified by:

_________________________ ______________________________

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

930712-06-5242 DR. MUZAMIR BIN HASAN

(NEW IC NO. / PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date: JUNE 2016 Date: JUNE 2016

NOTES * If the Final Year Project Report is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please

attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for condentially or

restriction

√

1

BASIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GEBENG BAUXITE

SITI HAJAR BINTI AZIZ

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of Bachelor

Engineering (Hons) of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2016

ii

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate

in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor Engineering (Hons) of Civil

Engineering.

Signature

Name of Supervisor: Dr. Muzamir bin Hasan

Position: Senior Lecturer

Date: June 2016

iii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and

summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for

any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.

Signature :

Name : Siti Hajar binti Aziz

ID Number : AA12128

Date : June 2016

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objective 4

1.4 Scope of Study 4

1.5 Significance of Study 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

vii

2.1.1 Soil Structure 7

2.1.2 Single-grained Structure 8

2.1.3 Honeycomb Structure 8

2.1.4 Dispersed Structure 8

2.1.5 Flocculent Structure 9

2.1.6 Coarse-grained Structure 9

2.1.7 Cohesive Matrix Structure 9

2.2 Bauxite Horizon 10

2.3 Bauxite Morphology 11

2.4 Soil Classification and Soil Description 14

2.5 Basic Engineering Properties of Bauxite 15

2.5.1 Particle Size Distribution 15

2.5.2 Moisture Content 16

2.5.3 Specific Gravity 17

2.6 Extraction of Aluminium from Bauxite 18

2.7 Liquefaction 20

2.7.1 Liquefaction of Mineral Ores 23

2.8 International Maritime of Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code 24

2.8.1 Certification Obligation by SOLAS 25

2.9 Design Guidelines for Cargo Vessels 26

2.9.1 Certificate of Fitness 27

2.9.2 Stability Evaluation 27

2.9.3 Hull Strength Evaluation 28

2.9.4 Special Considerations for Bulk Carriers 29

2.9.5 Special Considerations for Ore Carriers 29

vii

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Literature Review 32

3.3 Data Collection 33

3.3.1 Moisture Content 34

3.3.2 Wet Sieving Analysis 35

3.3.3 Hydrometer Test 36

3.3.4 Small Pycknometer Test 38

3.4 Discussions and Conclusion 38

CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction 35

4.2 Particle Size Distribution 35

4.3 Moisture Content 39

4.4 Specific Gravity 40

4.5 Morphological Properties of Bauxite 41

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIO

vii

5.1 Conclusion 44

5.2 Recommendation 45

REFERENCES 46

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Tables No. Title Page

2.1 Analyses of chemical composition of collected bauxite sample 12

4.1 Percentage passing 6.30 mm for fine particles determination

36

4.2 Average moisture content (Air-dry method)

39

4.3 Average moisture content (Oven-dry method) 39

4.4 Results of specific gravity 40

4.5 Results of bulk density 40

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1.1 Map of mineral distribution in Malaysia 2

1.2 Location of bauxite mine at Peninsular Malaysia

5

1.3 Location of bauxite mine at Kuantan District

6

2.1 Soil profile of the bauxite area 12

2.2 Variation of chemical composition of the bauxitic materials with

depth of Kuantan Port bauxite sample

13

2.3 Electrolysis process for aluminium production 20

2.4 Rearrangement of soil particle as a result of shaking 21

2.5 Movement of pressurized water out to the soil surface 22

2.6 Lateral spreading of liquefied soil 22

3.1 Flow chart of methodology 28

4.1 Tabulation of percentage passing 2.5 mm for each sample

4.2 Graph M1L1B1 of particle size distribution 37

4.3 Graph M1L2B1 of particle size distribution 37

4.4 Graph M1L3B1 of particle size distribution 38

4.5 Graph OPST of particle size distribution 38

4.6 Tabulation of average percentage of moisture content 45

4.7 Tabulation of average specific gravity 47

ix

4.8 Tabulation of bulk density 47

4.9 Magnification of bauxite sample under 1000x magnification 49

4.10 Magnification of bauxite sample under 2000x magnification 50

4.11 Magnification of bauxite sample under 5000x magnification 50

4.12 Magnification of bauxite sample under 10 000x magnification 51

x

LIST OF SYMBOLS

w Percentage of moisture content

m Mass of soil sample

Cm Meniscus correction

Rh’ Observed hydrometer reading

𝜂 Dynamic viscosity of water at test temperature

𝜌𝑠 Particle density

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation

Al Aluminium

Fe Iron

FMP Flow Moisture Point

IMO International Maritime Organization

IMSBC International Maritime of Solid Bulk Cargoes

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea

TML Transportable Moisture Limit